经济学人(双语学习) | 如果没了微博、微信,我们的生活会变成什么样?拥有“智慧”的武器,人类将生存还是毁灭?
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(本文选自《经济学人》20190216期)
背景介绍:
诸如Facebook、微博、微信之类的社交网络每天正在占用我们大量的时间,很难相信如果有一天这些社交网络突然没了,我们的生活会有什么样的变化。纽约大学和斯坦福大学的一些学者做了一个有趣的实验,如果人们四周不用Facebook,他们的生活会变成啥样?
What would happen if Facebook were turned off?
如果没有Facebook了,我们的生活会发生什么?
Imagine a world without the social network
设想一个没有社交网络的世界
There has never been such an agglomeration of humanity as Facebook. Some 2.3bn people, 30% of the world’s population, engage with the network each month.
从来没有什么能像Facebook这样把这么多人聚集在一起。全球每月约有23亿人(占全球总人口的30%)在社交网络上互动。
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Economists reckon it may yield trillions of dollars’ worth of value for its users. But Facebook is also blamed for all sorts of social horrors: from addiction and bullying to the erosion of fact-based political discourse and the enabling of genocide.
经济学家估计,社交网络可以给其用户带来数以万亿美元的价值。但Facebook也因导致了各种各样的社会恐怖而备受指责:从成瘾和霸凌,到政治话语权的剥夺,再到种族清洗。
New research—and there is more all the time—suggests such accusations are not entirely without merit. It may be time to consider what life without Facebook would be like.
新的研究(以及一直以来更多的研究)表明,这种指责并非全无道理。也许是时候该考虑一下,没有Facebook的生活会是什么样的。
To begin to imagine such a world, suppose that researchers could kick a sample of people off Facebook and observe the results. In fact, several teams of scholars have done just that.
为了设想这样一个(没有Facebook的)世界,我们假设研究人员可以将一部分人踢出Facebook并观察随后的结果。事实上,一些学者团队已经做到了。
In January Hunt Allcott, of New York University, and Luca Braghieri, Sarah Eichmeyer and Matthew Gentzkow, of Stanford University, published results of the largest such experiment yet.
今年1月,纽约大学的亨特·奥尔科特、斯坦福大学的卢卡·布拉赫耶里、萨拉·艾克梅尔和马修·根茨科完成了一项迄今为止最大的这种类型的实验并公布了结果。
They recruited several thousand Facebookers and sorted them into control and treatment groups. Members of the treatment group were asked to deactivate their Facebook profiles for four weeks in late 2018.
他们招募了数千名Facebook用户,并把他们分为对照组和实验组。2018年底,实验组的成员被要求停用Facebook四周。
The researchers checked up on their volunteers to make sure they stayed off the social network, and then studied what happened to people cast into the digital wilderness.
研究人员对志愿者进行监督,以确保他们确实远离了社交网络,随后便研究这些被隔离在社交网络之外的人的生活会发生些什么变化。
Those booted off enjoyed an additional hour of free time on average. They tended not to redistribute their liberated minutes to other websites and social networks, but chose instead to watch more television and spend time with friends and family.
那些停用Facebook的人平均额外享有1小时的空闲时间。他们往往不会把解放出来的时间重新用在其他网站或社交网络上,而更多的是选择看电视以及和朋友、家人们共度美好时光。
They consumed much less news, and were thus less aware of events but also less polarised in their views about them than those still on the network.
他们看的新闻会少一些,因此对一些新闻事件的了解程度也低于那些未曾离开过社交网络的人,但他们对新闻事件的看法不会那么两极化。
Leaving Facebook boosted self-reported happiness and reduced feelings of depression and anxiety.
远离Facebook提高了主观幸福感,同时降低了抑郁感和焦虑感。
It also helped some to break the Facebook habit. Several weeks after the deactivation period, those who had been off Facebook spent 23% less time on it than those who had never left, and 5% of the forced leavers had yet to turn their accounts back on.
这也帮助一些人改掉了沉溺于Facebook的习惯。在停用期的几周后,相比于未停用Facebook的人(对照组),那些停用了Facebook的人(实验组)花在Facebook上的时间少了23%,甚至还有5%的人(在实验结束后)还没有重新打开他们的Facebook。
And the amount of money subjects were willing to accept to shut their accounts for another four weeks was 13% lower after the month off than it had been before.
而受试者愿意再次进行实验(即他们再次停用Facebook四周)所能够接受的酬劳的金额降低了13%。
Users, in other words, overestimate how much they value the service: a misperceptioncorrected by a month of abstention. Even so, most are loth to call it quits entirely.
换句话说,人们高估了Facebook所提供的服务的重要性:一个月的停用使这种误解得以纠正。即便如此,大多数人还是不愿意完全离开Facebook。
That reluctance would seem to indicate that Facebook, despite its problems, generates lots of value for consumers, which would presumably vanish were the network to disappear.
这种不情愿似乎表明,尽管Facebook存在着种种问题,但它为用户带来了大量的价值,如果没了Facebook,这些价值很可能也会随之而去。
(红色标注词为重难点词汇)
重难点词汇:
agglomeration [ə,ɡlɑmə'reʃən] n. 凝聚;结块;附聚
genocide ['dʒɛnəsaɪd] n. 种族灭绝;灭绝整个种族的大屠杀
redistribute [,ridɪ'strɪbjut] vt. 重新分配;再区分
overestimate [oʊvərˈɛstəˌmeɪt] n. 估计过高;评价过高;出价过高 vt./vi. 估计过高;评价过高
misperception [,mɪspə'sepʃən] n. 误解;错误知觉;错觉
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拥有“智慧”的武器,人类将生存还是毁灭?
(本文选自《经济学人》20190119期)
背景介绍:
武器的发展史反映了人类的发展史。从石器时代的石斧、石矛,到铁器时代的铁刀、铁剑,再到近代的飞机、坦克,它们都有一个共同点——在人类的掌控之中。然而随着科技的不断发展,武器也变得和从前不太一样了。如果有一天武器也拥有了自己的“智慧”,不再受人控制,那么这个世界会变成什么样?
How to tame autonomous weapons
如何驯服自主武器
As military systems get cleverer, humans must keep up
军事系统变得越来越“聪明”,人类必须跟上了
For thousands of years, weapons went where humans thrust, threw or propelled them.
几千年来,武器都是朝着人们刺、投或推的方向攻击。
In the past century, they have grown cleverer: more able to duck and weave to their targets; more able to select which of many ships, tanks or aircraft to strike; and more able to wait for the right target to turn up.
在过去的一个世纪里,武器变得更“聪明”了:它们更能躲闪、迂回地奔向目标;更能在众多舰艇、坦克以及飞机中选择要攻击的目标;更能伺机而待直至目标出现后再发动攻击。
Increasingly, such weapons can be let loose on the battlefield with little or nosupervision by humans.
这样的武器可能会越来越多地在少有或无人监管的情况下被用在战场上。
The world has not entered the age of the killer robot, at least not yet. Today’s autonomous weapons are mostly static systems to shoot down incoming threats in self-defence, or missiles fired into narrowly defined areas.
世界还没有进入机器人杀手的时代,至少目前还没有。当今的自主武器大都是用于自卫(击落来袭的危险目标)的静态系统或攻击特定区域的导弹。
长按上图中的二维码可直接下单
Almost all still have humans “in the loop” (eg, remotely pulling the trigger for a drone strike) or “on the loop” (ie, able to oversee and countermand an action).
几乎所有的自主武器都有人“在回路中”(例如,远程操控无人机发动攻击)或“在回路上”(例如,能够监视并撤销一项行动)。
But tomorrow’s weapons will be able to travel farther from their human operators, move from one place to another and attack a wider range of targets with humans “out of the loop”.
但未来的武器将能够远离人类操作者,将人们“置身于回路之外”,从一地移动到另一地并向更远的目标发动攻击。
Will they make war even more horrible? Will they threaten civilisation itself? It is time for states to think harder about how to control them.
这样的武器是否会让战争变得更可怕?它们是否会威胁到人类文明自身?各国是时候好好思考如何限制自主武器了。
The UN’s Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) has been discussing autonomous weapons for five years, but there is little agreement.
联合国的《特定常规武器公约》(CCW)就自主武器问题已经讨论了五年了,但仍未能达成共识。
More than two dozen states (including Austria, the Vatican, Brazil and nuclear-armed Pakistan), backed by increasingly vocal activists, support a pre-emptive ban on “fully autonomous weapons”.
在呼声日益强烈的活动者的支持下,20多个国家(包括奥地利、梵蒂冈、巴西以及拥有核武器的巴基斯坦)支持将“完全自主武器”扼杀在摇篮中。
They point to campaigns against anti-personnel landmines, cluster munitions, and biological and chemical weapons as evidence that this can succeed.
他们指出,以反对杀伤性地雷、集束弹药和生化武器的行动为例足以证明“完全自主武器”需要被禁止。
Most big powers—among them America, Russia and Britain—retort that the laws of war are already good enough to control autonomous weapons. Some argue that such weapons can be more accurate and humane than today’s.
而包括美国、俄罗斯和英国在内的多数强国则反驳称,战争法已经完善到足以限制自主武器了。一些国家甚至认为,“完全自主武器”可以比现有的武器更精准、更人道。
A third group of countries, led by the likes of France and Germany, is urging greatertransparency and scrutiny.
以法国、德国等国为首的第三类国家则正在敦促提高透明度以及加大审查力度。
Autonomous systems make wars more unpredictable and harder to supervise; and they make it harder to assign responsibility for what happens during conflict. This third group is surely right to try to impose at least some controls.
自主武器系统让战争变得更不可测、更难监督;它还让冲突发生后的责任界定变得更加困难。这些国家至少想要对自主武器施加一些限制措施,这显然是正确的。
The laws of war are still the right place to start. They do not seek to ban war, but to limit its worst excesses.
从战争法入手没有错。战争法并不是为了禁止战争,而是要限制最恶劣的战争暴行。
Among other things, they require that warriors discriminate properly between combatants and civilians, and ensure that collateral damage is proportionate to military gains.
除此之外,它还要求士兵正确区分战斗人员和平民,并且要确保附带损害与军事收益成正比。
Military actions must therefore be judged in their context. But that judgment is hard for machines to form.
因此,必须根据实际情况来判断采取怎样的军事行动。但对于机器来说,这种判断很难实现。
(红色标注词为重难点词汇)
重难点词汇:
supervision [,sʊpɚ'vɪʒən] n. 监督,管理
countermand ['kaʊntɚmænd] n. 取消;反对命令 vt. 取消,撤消;下反对命令召回
humane [hju'men] adj. 仁慈的,人道的;高尚的
transparency [træns'pærənsi] n. 透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃
scrutiny ['skrutəni] n. 详细审查;监视;细看;选票复查
discriminate [dɪ'skrɪmɪnet] vt. 歧视;区别;辨别 vi. 区别;辨别
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