查看原文
其他

相信我,这可能是你最需要的阅读理解技能

小白老师说:纵观历年真题,可以发现主旨大意题是阅读理解高频题型,大部分阅读理解文章后都有主旨大意题。该题型看似简单,但错误率很高,而且一旦对文章的主旨判断失误,其他题都会受到牵连。今天就来带大家深挖一下,把主旨题的来龙去脉搞清楚,这个分要稳拿。



主旨大意题主要测试考生概括总结文章主旨大意的能力,一般就整篇文章或构成整篇文章的段落提问,是阅读理解部分一项重要的技能测试。


主旨大意提问方式主要有:

  • What is the main theme of the passage?

  • What is the passage mainly about?

  • Which is the main idea of the passage?


什么是主旨(main idea)? 


我们常常会碰到需要我们找文章的主旨的题目。主旨就是main idea,就是中心思想。它通常是一个完整的句子,这个句子要能全面准确地概括文章的要旨。学会如何寻找一个段落或一篇文章的主要思想,体现了一个人归纳总结的能力,也是学生必须掌握的阅读技巧。


举个通俗的例子,main idea就是当别人问你“你周六干了什么?”时,你回答“我去逛商场了”,而不是长篇大论地细扒你一整天的行程。换言之,main idea指的是除去所有细节之后的一个段落或文章的中心思想。


再举一个例子。小白老师昨天买了一件新衣服,今天我跟闺蜜说了下面这段话



在这段话里面,蓝色下划线的部分其实都是细节(details),用来描述我的衣服的:

  • a blue hood and red sleeves  蓝色帽子和红色袖子

  • very fuzzy 毛茸茸的

  • very warm 很暖和

  • zipper of my coat is green  拉链是绿色的

  • a picture of a snow man  有个雪人的图案


这段话的主旨(main idea)其实一句话:

I got a new coat.


你看,我blablabla说了半天,其实就是为了传递一个信息:姐买了一件新!衣!服!


这就是主旨。


如何确定文章的main idea? 


有时作者会在文中直接提出main idea,那么读者只需在文中找出关键的topic sentence即可。


然而,全国医学博士英语统考这样的有难度的考试中,你会发现读到的大多数文章的main idea都被作者巧妙地隐藏了。如果作者没有直接陈述正文的main idea,那么就需要读者通过字里行间的暗示进行推断。


方法一:在文章中锁定main idea的位置


1.  文章或段落的开头

英美写作喜欢开门见山,多数情况下,main idea在文章第一段、或段落的第一句话就会直接出现。


我们以下面这个段落为例:


Summer is a wonderful time to spend at West Beach. It is a beach with light- colored, soft sand. The coastline goes on for a long way and many people enjoy walking along it. Children like to play in the surf and walk along the rocks that are visible at low tide. This is a fun beach for people of all ages. 


上面这段文字的话题(topic)是“West Beach”;主旨(main idea)则是“summer is a wonderful time at West Beach”.


2. 段落或文章的结尾

有时,main idea也会放在段落或文章的结尾,起到概括主要信息,强调主题的作用。例如:


Most teenagers and young adults do not know what they want to do for the rest of their lives. It is a big decision. There are a number of things you can do to narrow the choices. For example you can take an interest test, do some research on your own about a career, try volunteer work in the field in which you are interested, or “job-shadow”, in which you spend a day with a person who is working in a field that interests you. These are just a few helpful ideas as you begin to choose a career. 


上述段落的话题(topic)是 “jobs or career choices”;主旨(main idea)是“a few ideas to help reader choose a career”。


3. 段落的中间

当然,不排除main idea也可能出现在段落的中间。作者用几句话介绍话题,提出主要观点,然后用余下的段落来论证。在这种情况下,main idea相对来说更难确定。

让我们再看一个例子,你是否能准确定位main idea在哪里呢?

The United States seems to be in love with the idea of going out to eat. Because of this, a real variety of restaurants has come about specializing in all kinds of foods. McDonald’s is the king of a subgroup of restaurants called fast-food restaurants. Chances are, no matter where you live, there is a McDonald’s restaurant near you. There are even McDonald’s in the Soviet Union. Now McDonald’s is trying something new. It is called McDonald’s Express and there is a test site in Peabody, Massachusetts. It is part of a Mobil gas station. This allows you to fill up with gas and fill up on food at the same time. What will they think of next?


上述这段文字的话题(topic)是“MacDonald's”;主旨(main idea)是“ McDonald's is the king of fast food”。


聪明的你找对了吗?


方法二:总结文章或段落大意


如果作者没有直接在文章写出main idea,就需要根据文章内容进行推断。


小白老师的办法是把整篇文章想像成女孩子的一个大大的衣柜,衣柜里面挂满了一年四季的各种衣服(文章的各种细节),我们打开柜子,把衣服一件一件拿出来看,然后总结它们的共同点。冷色调多还是暖色调多?裙子多还是裤子多?这些衣物材质怎么样?是优雅知性的还是性感热辣的?一旦你发现它们之间的关联,那么这个女孩子的形象和风格(文章的main idea)就清清楚楚了。


比如下面这段文字:


When you're with your friends, it's okay to be loud and use slang. They'll expect it and they aren't grading you on your grammar. When you're standing in a boardroom or sitting for an interview, you should use your best English possible, and keep your tone suitable to the working environment. Try to gauge the personality of the interviewer and the setting of the workplace before cracking jokes or speaking out of turn. If you' re ever in a position to speak publicly, always ask about your audience, and modify your language, tone, pitch and topic based on what you think the audience's preferences would be. You'd never give a lecture about atoms to third-graders!


作者在这段文字中提供了大量的信息(和朋友出去玩、参加面试、公开发言等),这些事第一眼看上去似乎没有太大的联系。


但如果你找到它们的共同点,就会发现,作者通过不同的场合试图说明,人们的说话方式需要根据场合进行调整(和朋友可以说俚语、面试则要礼貌沉稳、公共场所就要注意自己的语气)。 那么综合来看,“Different situations requires different kinds of speech”就是文章隐含的main idea。


方法三:寻找文章中重复的信息


如果文章提供的提供的信息实在太多,很难总结,那么我们不妨作者在文中反复强调的单词、短语或观点。例如:


A new hearing device uses a magnet to hold the detachable sound-processing portion in place. Like other aids, it converts sound into vibrations. But it is unique in that it can transmit the vibrations directly to the magnet and then to the inner ear. This produces a clearer sound. The new device will not help all hearing-impaired people - only those with a hearing loss caused by infection or some other problem in the middle ear. It will probably help no more than 20 percent of all people with hearing problems. Those people who have persistent ear infections, however, should find relief and restored hearing with the new device.


显然,这段话重复出现的一个信息是 “a new hearing device”,文中用it来指代a new hearing device,并把它作为大多数句子的主语,反复出现,那个东西就是作者强调的重点。由此我们可以推断出这段文字的main idea是:

“A new hearing device is now available for some hearing-impaired people. ”


美国的学校在教阅读的时候往往会给他们看下面这个北极熊,帮助小孩子理解,十分形象,相信大家一看便知



好了,下面我们回到实战。


全国医学博士英语统考的阅读理解没有标题,那么就要靠我们自己来理解文章的主旨大意。


一般的文章,尤其是说明文和议论文,往往有主题句表达中心思想,主题句通常在短文的开始或结尾,少数也会出现在文中。了解这一点,主旨题往往会迎刃而解。


在解答主旨题时,特别注意一些干扰项的特征:


看似合理,实则以偏概全,断章取义。这类选项利用生活常识编织选项或将文中的事实细节当做主旨。


有时干扰项是一句没有展开论述的话,有时干扰项是文章的“延伸性内容”,但该部分内容和主题关系不是很密切,概括范围太宽。此类选项往往对文章内容过度推断。


最后我们来做个练习,请大家找找下面这段话的main idea:


The movie Apollo 13 was a blockbuster for the summer of 1995. It is an exciting story about space exploration. In the movie, the astronauts get in trouble while they are trying to return to Earth. People in the audience are on the edge of their seats waiting to see what happens. What makes it even more exciting is that it is a true story. 


大家都来留言参与一下,这段文字的topic和main idea分别是什么?


大家复习很辛苦,小白老师给大家加个汉堡吧!


更多内容可点击下方蓝字回顾

阅读理解总有词不认识?猜词是个技术活!

阅读理解遇到推断题,智商突然有点捉急?

为什么你的阅读理解读得那么慢?

为什么文章能读懂,可就是题目做不对?阅读理解失分的五个原因!



点击阅读原文购买新版魔法书

    您可能也对以下帖子感兴趣

    文章有问题?点此查看未经处理的缓存