就怕你一直努力，最后却输在作文上
小白老师说：本着 “宁可错杀，不可放过” 的原则，今天布置一篇以“流感与感冒的区别”主题的作文，并为大家总结了关键词汇、亮点表达和实用句子，希望能帮助大家储备语料，并学会“对比类”作文的写法。还是那句话，主要目的是练兵，万一考到，有备无患。
请大家在 50 分钟之内，按医学博士英语统考作文部分的要求完成下面的作文。中途不得查词典、不得百度，要模拟自己是在考试，逼一逼自己，写不出来也要硬写。
Part V Writing (20%)
Directions: In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage.
流感与普通感冒的区别
流感是由流感病毒引起的，经飞沫传播的急性呼吸道传染性疾病。早春，由于气候变化比较大，早晚温差大，人体不能完全适应气候的变化，容易感冒。同时，春天天气转暖，气温回升明显，万物复苏，病毒、细菌等病原微生物也活跃起来，所以，在冬春交替的时候，比较容易患上流感。那么流感与普通感冒有什么区别呢?
第一，两种疾病的病原体不同。普通感冒，俗称 “伤风”，是由多种病毒引起的，其中相当部分是由某种血清型的鼻病毒引起。流感由流感病毒引起，流感病毒包括甲型、乙型和丙型三种；普通感冒可由多种病原体引起，如鼻病毒、腺病毒、细菌及支原体等，一般人在受凉、雨淋、过度疲劳后，因抵抗力下降时容易发病。
第二，两种疾病的表现症状不同。与流感相比，普通感冒主要表现为打喷嚏、流鼻涕等上呼吸道症状，全身症状较轻，不发热或仅有低热，一般 3 至 5 天痊愈。流感的表现全身症状较重，突然畏寒、发热、头痛、全身酸痛、鼻塞、流涕、干咳、胸痛、恶心、食欲不振，婴幼儿或老年人可能并发肺炎或心力衰竭。中毒型流感病人则表现为高热、说胡话、昏迷、抽搐，有时可以导致人死亡。
第三，流感与普通感冒的传染性不同。流感病毒存在于病人的呼吸道，在病人咳嗽、打喷嚏时经飞沫传染给别人，流感的传染性很强，由于这种病毒容易变异，即使是患过流感的人，当下次再遇上流感流行，仍然会感染，所以流感容易引起暴发性流行。普通感冒较流感传染性要弱得多，往往是个别出现，很少像流感流行那样病人成批大量出现。
第四，流感与普通感冒的流行特点不同。流感的流行有明显的季节性和周期性，常易发生暴发、流行甚至大流行。流行季节常在某些局限的范围，如社区或单位发生暴发;当新的亚型产生时则可出现大流行甚至世界性大流行，如目前流行的甲型 H1N1 流感。普通感冒只是个别散发出现。
第五，流感有季节性和周期性。在温带和寒温带地区，流感的流行通常发生在冬春季，而在热带和亚热带地区，则更多是在夏季流行。大流行时季节性不明显。由于甲型流感病毒抗原的易变性、人类对流感免疫的不持久性及流感疫苗的有限性，致使流感流行呈现周期特点，一般3至4年一次小流行，10至15年一次大流行。
第六，在一定条件下，流感可能大流行或爆发。当流感病毒发生变异产生新的亚型时，由于人群普遍缺乏免疫力，可以发生跨越一省、一国、一个大洲，乃至遍及全世界的流行，称为大流行或世界大流行。在流感流行季节经常会发生在一个局部地区或单位，特别是学校和托幼机构，短时间内突然有很多人发病称为暴发。
第七，选择药物的不同。在现实生活中，很多人认为只要患了流感或普通感冒就要使用抗菌药物治疗，其实不然。抗菌药物对病毒无效，滥用抗菌药物不但不能带来治疗效果，还会导致大量耐药菌株出现。一般而言，普通感冒时除非出现黄脓鼻涕或黄痰，并伴有发热，不宜自行服用抗菌药物；在明确有细菌感染或有并发症时，需在医生的指导下选择抗菌药物。
第八，治疗基本原则不同。普通感冒，目前尚无特殊抗病毒药物，该病为自限性，病程多在一周左右，无严重症状者可不用或少用药，以对症处理、休息、忌烟、多饮水、保持室内空气流通、防治继发细菌感染为原则。如后期并发细菌感染，可根据病原菌选用敏感的抗菌药物。常选青霉素、第一代头孢菌素、大环内酯类或氟喹诺酮类。坚持有规律的适合个体的体育活动、增强体质、劳逸适度、生活规律，是预防普通感冒的最好方法。
第九，预防措施不同。普通感冒，没有预防用疫苗。流感，接种流感疫苗是防控有效手段。需强调的是，对流行性感冒要做到早发现、早报告、早隔离和早治疗。
流感主题作文实用表达及句子总结
在这篇作文中，小白老师找了一个独特的视角来考察大家，即普通感冒和流感的区别。但是就流感这个话题本身，还有多个角度可以考察，比如流感的治疗和预防、为什么流感会致命等等，就看命题者怎么出了。
无论这个主题的作文怎么出，有一些核心的东西总是必须要掌握的，比如“流感”这个关键词怎么写，该如何描述症状、治疗、诊断和预防，如何把流感和普通感冒进行比较和对比等等。
关键词破解：“流感” 和 “普通感冒” 用英语怎么说？
流感：influenza，或 the flu。在学术写作中，用influenza更好
普通感冒：the common cold，或 the cold
“流感和普通感冒的区别” 可以写成:
“the difference between influenza and the common cold”
下面给出流感与感冒的实用句子，主要是三大块：
流感相关的英文表达，包括定义、症状、并发症、高风险人群、预防、诊断和治疗；
普通感冒相关的英文表达，包括定义、症状、高风险人群、病因等；
流感和普通感冒的区别。
关于流感的实用句子
1. 流感的定义
Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses. It can cause mild to severe illness. Serious outcomes of flu infection can result in hospitalization or death. Some people, such as older people, young children, and people with certain health conditions, are at high risk of serious flu complications.
2. 流感的症状
People who have the flu often feel some or all of these signs and symptoms that usually start suddenly, not gradually:
Fever or feeling feverish/chills
Cough
Sore throat
Runny or stuffy nose
Muscle or body aches
Headaches
Fatigue (very tired)
Some people may have vomiting and diarrhea, though this is more common in young children than in adults.
3. 流感的并发症（Complications）
The flu is dangerous because it can quickly lead to serious complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and even death. It can also make chronic conditions such as asthma and congestive heart failure worse.
4. 流感高风险人群
People at high risk for developing serious flu complications include young children, people over 65, pregnant women and those with chronic health conditions such as asthma, diabetes or heart and lung disease.
5. 流感的预防
In terms of flu prevention, the best defense against the flu is to get vaccinated. Experts also recommend everyday preventive actions, such as staying away from people who are sick, covering coughs and sneezes and frequent handwashing, to help slow the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses.
6. 流感的诊断
It is very difficult to distinguish the flu from other viral or bacterial causes of respiratory illnesses on the basis of symptoms alone. There are tests available to diagnose flu.
7. 流感的治疗
There are influenza antiviral drugs that can be used to treat flu illness.
关于普通感冒的实用句子
1. 普通感冒的定义 What is the common cold(or the cold)?
The common cold is the most widespread acute respiratory tract illness affecting all age groups. Many types of viruses can cause a common cold.
2. 普通感冒的症状（Symptoms）
Symptoms of a common cold usually appear one to three days after exposure to a cold-causing virus. Signs and symptoms, which can vary from person to person, might include:
Runny or stuffy nose
Sore throat
Cough
Congestion
Slight body aches or a mild headache
Sneezing
Low-grade fever
Generally feeling unwell (malaise)
3. 普通感冒的高风险人群
Children younger than six are at greatest risk of colds, but healthy adults can also expect to have two or three colds annually.
Most people recover from a common cold in a week or 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke.
4. 普通感冒的病因 Causes
Although many types of viruses can cause a common cold, rhinoviruses are the most common culprit.
A cold virus enters human body through one's mouth, eyes or nose. The virus can spread through droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks. It also spreads by hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold or by sharing contaminated objects, such as utensils, towels, toys or telephones.
5. 普通感冒的并发症 Complications
Acute ear infection (otitis media).
Asthma. A cold can trigger an asthma attack.
Acute sinusitis. In adults or children, a common cold that doesn't resolve can lead to inflammation and infection of the sinuses (sinusitis).
Other secondary infections. These include strep throat, pneumonia, and croup or bronchiolitis in children. These infections need to be treated by a doctor.
流感与感冒的区别的实用句子
The Difference between the Common Cold and the Flu
1. The flu comes on abruptly; the cold is more gradual.
2. Unlike the common cold, the onset of symptoms for influenza is very sudden and fast.
3. The common cold eventually fizzles, but the flu may be deadly.
4. In general, the flu is worse than the common cold, and symptoms are more common and intense.
5. Flu causes epidemics and pandemics with the potential for mortality, whereas the common cold is a nuisance for us.
6. October marks the beginning of a new influenza season. While common cold is generally a mild and uncomplicated disease, influenza can cause severe disease leading to hospitalization and occasionally death, especially older people, pregnant women, young children and people with chronic diseases.
7. The common symptoms of cold and flu lead to the confusion among these two terms and sometimes flu is neglected mistaking it as a common cold. Both are viral infections, but flu can be epidemic and pandemic with the potential for mortality.
8. Symptoms of common cold and influenza are similar and their mode of transmission also resembles, but yet they are two different diseases. Common cold being the less infectious and self-limiting is not taken very seriously, whereas influenza, associated with the complete respiratory tract can be fatal in it’s severe forms.
作文冲刺课里给大家讲过resemble这个亮点表达，好词要用起来~
9. Because colds and the flu share many symptoms, it can be difficult to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone. Special tests that usually must be done within the first few days of illness can tell if a person has the flu.
10. Colds also don’t generally lead to the serious health complications that can come with flu and that in some cases can be deadly.
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