刊讯| SSCI期刊《中国语言学报》（Journal of Chinese Linguistics，JCL） 第51卷第3期出版

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《中国语言学报》（Journal of Chinese Linguistics, JCL）由王士元院士于1973年在加州大学伯克利校区创刊，是被社会科学引文索引（SSCI）与艺术与人文科学索引（A&HCI）收录的有着国际影响的中国语言学学术期刊。学报以普通语言学和中国语言学相结合为研究内容，科学研究方法为探索途径，英汉语为交流媒介，从创刊起就鼓励学术交流及新发现，是一个有远见、有历史、有经验、有成果，并有学术创新精神的刊物。

现在《中国语言学报》2023年51卷第3期（Journal of Chinese Linguistics Vol. 51, No.3）已出版。下面，我们将推送JCL最新一期（第51卷第3期）文章摘要——

《中国语言学报》（Journal of Chinese Linguistics）

电子版获取渠道：Project Muse (2015至今)、Ariti Library (1973至今）、JSTOR （1973-2019)。

纸刊订阅渠道：https://www.jclhk.com.hk/subscription/

Articles

TONE MORPHEMES IN SINITIC: WHERE PROSODY MEETS MORPHOLOGY

汉语中的“声调语素”：韵律与形态的结合

Hilary Chappell

曹茜蕾

Abstract

Tone morphemes are used in the coding of a variety of grammatical functions in Sinitic languages: These include plural formation of personal pronouns, the diminutive forms of nouns, as well as different kinds of perfective and completive aspect marking, reported for dialects located in non-contiguous areas of China in the north and the south. With respect to verbal morphology, we first examine the different processes and stages of morphologization between the Yue and Hakka dialects, on the one hand, and Northern Sinitic on the other. Second, we propose the pathway of evolution that leads to the pluralization of Sinitic pronouns by tone morphemes, as well as the pathway that leads to tone morphemes coding perfective aspect in Yue and Hakka.

摘要

声调语素用于编码汉语方言中的各种语法功能：以中国境内南北方非相邻地区的汉语方言为实证，我们发现汉语方言中的“声调语素”具有多种语法功能，包括指示人称代词的复数形式、指示名词的小称形式、及标记不同种类的完整体和完成体等。就动词形态而言，我们首先考察粤语、客家话和北方汉语之间不同的发展过程和形态化阶段；再者，提出汉语中由声调语素导致的人称代词复数化演变路径，以及在粤语和客家话中声调语素指示完成体的另一演变路径。

THE “GRAPHIC DESIGN” FOR 旅 ‘TROOPS’ AND 車 ‘CHARIOT’ IN ORACLE-BONE AND BRONZE INSCRIPTIONS

甲・金文中的旅和車字之造字設計——基于古文字學、詞彙學、音韻學、歷史學、和手工藝學的綜合研究

Chrystelle Maréchal  Ken-ichi Takashima

麥里筱   高嶋謙一

Abstract

This paper argues that there were in the minds of the creators of Chinese characters what we refer to as “graphic designs” (abbreviated as “GD”—for the other acronyms used hereinafter, see “Symbols and Abbreviations of the Frequently Used Terms and the Authors’ Names” at the end of the paper). The GD is generally inseparable from the underlying lexeme, and this paper is a case study of the two, and other related, words, in connection specifically with their graphic representations. The GD for the OBI graphs , , and , which appear to be pictographs, is as simple as the UM of the word chē 車 ‘chariot’, namely, “chariot/wheel”. Its presumed sound—*k-hla~*ka-hla—and the meaning may not have participated in any WF in Shāng Chinese because it was a loan word from an IE language and was not yet integrated in the contemporary lexicological system. A basis for this is that another reading jū, assumed as *ka~*kəlja, had not yet developed. The simplicity of the GD and UM of 車, however, is in contrast with the complexity of its origins and its uses: (1) what is the phonetic in lǚ,  and in BI graphs like ,,? If all these write the word 旅, a question arises: which (pre-)OC form, chē/*k-hla~*ka-hla or jū/*ka~*kəlja, was original? We have suggested that the latter arose after the original, chē/*k-hla~*ka-hla, was sufficiently circulated and came into being as a result of the mono-syllabification of *ka-hla 車; (2) since many IE languages have the initial k- for 車 ‘wheel/chariot’, reconstructing the pre-initial *k- for this Chinese loan word makes sense; (3) we have narrowed down the introduction of the chariot and its word into China to ca. 1200 BC, during the reign of King Wǔ Dīng 武丁 (ca. 1230–1171 BC); (4) we have also tried to answer the question: can we account for the frequent use in the late Shāng-early Zhōu BI of the 車 element, and its disappearance after early Western Zhōu? This question has taken us to examine the history of warfare, the ancient industry of chariot and wheel making, and the utilitarian and symbolic value of the chariot in ancient China.

摘要

本文提出造字之初造字者已有所謂“造字設計”或者“古文字構形設計”（即“graphic design”，以下簡稱為“GD”；文中所用英文縮寫皆見文末“Symbols and Abbreviations of the Frequently Used Terms and the Authors’ Names”附表），而這種“GD”基本上是與原本的詞位不可分割的。本文將以(早期)上古漢語中“旅”與“車”兩詞為例探討兩者及與其相關諸詞的古文字構形問題。

TEN CASES OF CONTINUUM IN LANGUAGE

语言连续统十例

Feng Shi    Dazuo Wang

石锋      王大佐

Abstract

Continuum is a one-dimensional pattern with a concise form and the significance of universality. “Prototype Theory” considers the members with the most common characteristics as the core members of one category, and all members of that category share some similar family features. Furthermore, quantum logic revised the classical logic law of “excluded middle” to the law of “included middle”, which provides us with a new perspective in the linguistic study. Based on the above theories and ideas, this paper lists ten cases of continuum in language: 

1) the continuum of language similarity; 

2) the continuum of word and non-word in Chinese; 3) the continuum of animacy of words in language; 4) the continuum of communicative pressure; 

5) the continuum of sentential focus; 

6) the vowel-consonant continuum; 

7) the continuum of phonation types; 

8) the continuum of nasality of sounds; 

9) the continuum of r-suffixation; 

10) the continuum of words with neutral tone. 

Continuum is the renewal of academic concepts and research methods, which is of great significance to the synchronic and diachronic study of language.

摘要

连续统是一维格局，具有更为简明的形式和更为普遍的意义。原型范畴理论把具有更多共同特征的成员定为中心成员，所有成员具有家族相似性。量子逻辑把经典逻辑的排中律修正为含中律，给我们以新的思维方式。本文列举语言中的十种连续统：

1)语言相似度连续统；

2)汉语词与非词连续统；

3)语词生命度连续统；

4)交际压力度连续统；

5)语句焦点连续统；

6)元音-辅音连续统；

7)发声类型连续统；

8)语音鼻化连续统；

9)儿化韵连续统；

10)轻声字音连续统。

连续统是学术观念和研究方法的更新，对于语言的共时和历时的研究都具有重要意义。

QUEST FOR THE ESSENCE OF CHINESE GRAMMAR

漢語語法本質的探索

James H-Y. Tai

戴浩一

Abstract

Some key issues in the analysis of Chinese grammars in the past five decades are identified and discussed from typological perspectives. They include: 

1) the wordhood in「字」and 「詞」, and word formation; 

2) parts of speech; 

3) syntactic pivots (topic, subject, and object); 

4) active vs. passive voice; 

5) cognitive principles of word order; 

6) SOV vs. SVO. 

Typological characterizations of Chinese are also summarized, pointing to the importance of understanding Chinese from perspectives of creole and sign language. Mental lexicon of「字」,「詞」and four-character idioms should be constructed with syntactic structures for the processing of reading Chinese.

摘要

本文綜觀過去50年來漢語語法研究的重要議題，並點出爭議所在。這些議題包含：

1)「字」與「詞」的糾結；

2)詞類的區分；

3)「主題」、「主語」與「賓語」的角色；

4)主動句與被動句；

5)認知原則與詞序；

6)基本詞序的爭議：「主語-賓語-動詞」，還是「主語-動詞-賓語」。

本文也從語言類型學的角度來檢視這些爭議，同時建議更進一步從克里奧語與手語的特徵詮釋漢語語法，並使用以漢字為基礎的心理詞典探討中文閱讀，俾對閱讀理論有重大的啟示。

THE ROLE OF THE COPULA 是 SI⁷ IN THE CONSTRUAL OF FOCUS STRUCTURE IN EARLY SOUTHERN MIN

早期闽南语系词“是”在焦点结构的识解中所扮演的角色

Chinfa Lien

连金发

Abstract

The paper explores the role of the copula 是 si⁷ in the interpretation of the focus structure in early Southern Min playscripts. I examine the configuration of 是 si⁷ with respect to a range of functional/lexical categories such as kinds of adverbs, types of modals, voice (featuring causativity and passitivity), aspect, and negation as well as verb and noun phrases. I also put forward tree structures showing how focus vis-à-vis topic in cleft and pseudo-cleft clauses with 是 si⁷ as the pivot are derived. In a nutshell, the syntactic position of 是 si⁷ is versatile and yet constrained. There is an asymmetry of the distribution of subject and object focusing with respect to the position of the copula 是 si⁷. I posit with Rizzi (2013) that the focus feature in the FocP triggers merging the focus constituent to the head Foc in FocP in CP. Apart from bearing the assertive force in the clause typing, the copula 是 si⁷ plays a supporting role of scoping over the focus constituent. I capture the syntactic behavior of the copula 是 si⁷ by construing it as an indispensable pivot in the derivation of focus structure.

摘要

本文探讨早期闽南戏文中系词“是”在焦点结构中所扮演的角色。从和各类状语、情态词、语式(表被动或致使)、体貌、否定和动词、名词组成的相对位置可以确定“是”的结构特性。文中呈现分裂句及准分裂句中焦点相对于话题的树形图，其中“是”为轴心，约言之，“是”的句法位置多元而有限制。以系词“是”的位置为参照，可以看出主语焦点和宾语焦点在结构分布上有不对称的现象。以Rizzi (2013)为依据本文假设焦点词组中的焦点征性触发焦点成分并入CP中的焦点中心语中，除了表示句式的论断语势外系词“是”还发挥辅助焦点成分的作用。总之，本文主张系词“是”是焦点结构中不可或缺的轴心，如此可以捕捉到“是”的句法行为。

A SEMANTIC-SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF CHAO’S SENTENCES WITH A VERBAL SUBJECT AND A NOMINAL PREDICATE 

赵氏“动主名谓句”的语义句法分析

Zhongru Xiong

熊仲儒

Abstract

The clause can be divided into three layers: the thematic layer, the inflectional layer and the discourse layer, within which there exist the corresponding logical subject, grammatical subject and psychological subject. Topicalization belongs to A’-movement which involves an argument and an adjunct. For Chao’s sentences with a verbal subject and a nominal predicate (CS, for short), the topicalized elements are complement clauses and adverbial clauses. The complement clause is the nominal predicate’s argument in CS, acting as the predicate’s logical subject, such as ‘bu xiayu’ in ‘bu xiayu yijing sangeyue le’. It can be raised into the Spec of T or Top, hence, as a grammatical subject or a topic. The adverbial clause is an adjunct of the TP. It can’t act as a grammatical subject, but can be raised as a topic, such as ‘tao’ in ‘tao cantou’. Since Chinese lacks of inflection in T, the null subject can be licensed and the verbal host doesn’t need. The former makes the clause represent as a bare verb or a verbal phrase, and the latter makes the nominal phrase act as a predicate without the copula’s support. Hence, the CSs can be produced with the two types of strength, for instance, in ‘pro tao pro cantou’, the subject is null as pro and the predicate has no copular. The CSs do not challenge the universal principles in the Chomskian linguistics, and they are related with the feature of T in Chinese.

摘要

子句可以分成题元层、形态层与话语层，这三层可用来定义逻辑主语、语法主语与心理主语（话题）等三种主语。话题化为A’-移位，涉及论元与附加语，对赵氏“动主名谓句”来说，就是标补子句与状语子句充当话题。标补子句是谓词的论元，可提升为语法主语与话题，如“不下雨已经三个月了”中的“不下雨”；状语子句是句子的附加语，不能充当语法主语，但可提升为话题，如“逃孱头”中的“逃”。汉语时制范畴缺乏形态，允许空主语，也不需要动词性宿主。前者使得汉语子句可以以动词或动词短语的形式呈现，如“谁逃”呈现为“pro逃”；后者使得汉语名词性短语可以不借助系词充当谓语，如“谁是孱头”呈现为“谁孱头”。两者的合力产生了赵氏“动主名谓句”，如“pro逃pro孱头”。赵氏“动主名谓句”对普遍原则不构成挑战，它的存在跟汉语时制范畴的特征相关。

ON THE RAISON D’ÊTRE OF THE NOTION OF SPRACHBUND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LANGUAGES IN CHINA

論語言聯盟概念的存在意義——以中國的語言為探討對象

Pui Yiu Szeto

司徒沛嶢

摘要

語言聯盟（Sprachbund）泛指沒有親緣關係（或關係疏遠）的語言之間，在同一區域長期接觸下產生的結構趨同現象。雖然學界不乏關於語言聯盟的研究，但以往的研究未有具體及劃一的標準去界定何謂語言聯盟。因此，語言聯盟的概念時而模糊不清，甚至令人質疑其存在意義。有見及此，本文建議以歷史證據為基礎，去建立清晰嚴謹的標準來辨識語言聯盟。以此方法界定的語言聯盟具有相似的形成背景，從而確保彼此之間的可比性，令學者得以將研究重心置於語言接觸的機制及結果。中國歷史悠久、地大物博、族群紛雜、語種繁多，為語言聯盟的研究提供了一個重要平台。目前，中國境內最少有兩個符合嚴格標準的語言聯盟，分別為華南地區的西嶺南語言聯盟，以及西北地區的安多語言聯盟。區域內各語言族群間的密切接觸互動，不僅導致語言結構和文化風俗上的相互滲透，甚至對群體遺傳結構造成一定程度的影響。此等發現反映了語言聯盟內的族群互動現象複雜多變，故對語言學及人類學等學科皆有重大研究價值，非常值得深入探索。

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