中国文化关键词 | “年”与“春节”
春节是中国最隆重的传统节日。作为国际中文教师，如何精准地向学生解释清楚“年”和“春节”的概念？本期我们精选了“中华思想文化术语传播工程”对这两个概念的阐释，并附上英文和音频解说，快来一起学习一下吧~
年（nián）
Lunar Year/ Year
在文字学意义上，“年”的本义指庄稼成熟，即年成。因庄稼大都一岁一熟，“年”渐等同于“岁”，成为历法上的时间单位（一年），后又引申指年节（春节）。在历法意义上，它是指中国传统农历（阴阳合历）的一个时间周期，平年12个月，大月30天，小月29天，全年354或355天；闰年13个月，全年383、384或385天。
作为一个时间周期，它与中国古代的农业生产密切相关，反映农耕社会的时间意识和思想观念。近代以来，西方的历法（公历）传入中国，1912年为中华民国正式采用，形成了公历与农历并行的双历法系统，所以“年”现在既指农历的时间周期，也指公历的时间周期，视具体的语境而定。
In the literal sense, the Chinese character nian (年) means the ripening of crops. As crops are mostly harvested annually, the Chinese character nian has gradually come to refer to the period of one year, and later it is used to refer to the annual Spring Festival. When it comes to the calendar, it refers to the period of one year on the lunar calendar (lunisolar calendar), which has 12 months: 7 months each of 30 days and 5 months of 29 days, altogether 354 or 355 days. A leap year has 13 months, altogether 383 or 384 or 385 days a year.
As a lunar calendar, it is closely related to agricultural production cycles in ancient China, and it epitomizes ancient Chinese people’s awareness of time and concept in an agrarian society. The Gregorian calendar from the West was adopted by the Republic of China in 1912, ushering in a dual system of lunar and solar calendars. As a result, nian (year) refers to a year on the solar or lunar calendar, depending on the context.
引
例
年年岁岁花相似，岁岁年年人不同。（刘希夷《代悲白头翁》）
Blossoms look the same season after season; but people enjoying the flowers look different from year to year. (Liu Xiyi: Feeling Sorry for a White-haired Old Man）
春节（chūnjié）
Spring Festival
中华民族及海外华人最重要的传统节日。狭义的春节指农历新年第一个月的第一天，广义的春节是指从农历最后一个月的23日（祭灶）到新年第一个月的15日（元宵节）这一段时间。
现代意义的春节实际上是古代一年之始与立春节气两者的混合。春节期间，人们会祭拜神灵和祖先，张贴春联和年画，置办年货，吃团圆饭，给压岁钱，除夕守岁，燃放爆竹，走亲访友，等等。它凝结着中国人的伦理情感、宗教情怀、生命意识，具有深厚的历史内涵和丰富的节俗内容。
在伦理与宗教层面，除了祭祀，祈求祖先和神灵对家人的庇佑，春节更多体现了中国人对家族团圆、和睦及亲情的重视；在时间与生命意识上，在辞旧迎新、驱除邪祟的同时，人们表达对新年的祝福及对未来生活的美好期待。受中华文化影响，中国周边一些国家和民族也有庆祝春节的习俗。
This is the most important traditional festival for the Chinese nation and overseas Chinese. In the narrow sense, it is the first day of the Lunar New Year. In a broader sense, it refers to the festival that occurs between the 23rd day of the last lunar month (the day of Offerings to the Kitchen God) and the 15th day of the first lunar month (the Lantern Festival).
In a modern sense, Spring Festival is a mixture of the beginning of the New Year and the Beginning of Spring on the lunar calendar. During Spring Festival, people pay tribute to deities and their ancestors, post auspicious couplets and New Year paintings, buy new year’s goods and put on new clothes, have a family reunion dinner, give children gift money, stay up the whole night on New Year's Eve to say goodbye to the departing year, set off firecrackers and visit relatives and friends.
In terms of family relationships and religion, people make sacrifices to ancestors and deities for the protection of their family members. In addition, Spring Festival reflects the importance Chinese people attach to family reunion, harmony within a family and kinship. When it comes to the Chinese people’s sense of life and sense of time, they not only bid farewell to the departing year and express their welcome to the new year, they also express their expectation for a better future. Through the influence of Chinese culture, some of China’s neighboring countries also celebrate Spring Festival.
引
例
爆竹声中一岁除，春风送暖入屠苏。千门万户曈（tóng）曈日，总把新桃换旧符。（王安石《元日》）
The year departs amid the sound of fireworks, and a warm breeze helps to ferment the wine. When the light of dawn shines upon thousands of homes, every family puts up New Year couplets. (Wang Anshi: New Year's Day)
文化知多少
中国人从古至今有什么日常时间的制度和时间的观念？年、月、日、时怎么表示和计算？
中国文化中有哪些特殊有意义的时间，有哪些节日？节日怎么过？有什么风俗？
想知道以上文化知识，一起来看看武汉大学姜海龙老师是如何讲解中国古代岁时节日文化的吧~
扫码学习中国古代岁时节日文化
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编辑丨 王琳 吴晓静 杨立梦
美术编辑丨李泽源（实习）
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