学术前沿 | 近期​《Ecological Economics》三农及环境相关文章汇总

启研学社由知名学者担任学术顾问，高校师生与企研数据科学团队联合组建，以大数据资源及相关技术助力中国学术与智库研究为宗旨的研究组织。团队当前的主要目标是挖掘经济社会大数据资源在学术和智库领域的应用价值，开展学术大数据治理研究，以及探索大数据分析技术融入中国经济社会研究的可行进路。

本文由三农大数据综合整理自公众号中国草业发展战略研究中心及网站：https://www.sciencedirect.com

《Ecological Economics》，最新影响因子为4.482，刊载方向为环境科学、生态学、资源环境经济学等。该杂志致力于扩展和整合对“自然的家庭”(生态系统)和“人类的家庭”(经济)之间的界面和相互作用的理解。生态经济学是一个跨学科的领域，定义为一系列具体的问题或挑战，这些问题或挑战与管理经济活动有关，以促进人类福祉、可持续性和正义。

1Land use and general equilibrium implications of a forest-based carbon sequestration policy in the United States

美国以森林为基础的碳汇政策对土地利用和一般均衡的影响

Abstract

A comparative static Computable General Equilibrium model was used to assess the impacts of forest-based carbon payments on sequestration, land use, and agricultural commodity prices in the U.S. A modified 2008 regional Social Accounting Matrix, considering land as a heterogeneous factor, was used as the model's main input. The matrix was projected to its 2050 counterpart using capital and labour growth projections. The forest-generated carbon offset sources considered were afforested set-asides, commercial forestry intensification and harvested wood products. A new dataset on regional afforestation carbon uptake rates and costs was used to include afforested set-asides as latent activities. For a carbon offset price of $20/MT CO2, 12% of U.S. annual emissions could be sequestered in 2050. More than half of the additional carbon sequestered (611 million MT CO2), compared to the 2050 baseline, would be attributed to set-asides and composed mainly of softwood forests. High carbon prices would increase land prices resulting in the diversion of 15% and 8% of pasture and cropland to carbon set-asides, respectively, mainly in the Central Plains. The high agricultural land diversion would force activities to intensify production systems driving the prices of beef up by 14% as well as oilseeds and grains by 3% and 4%, respectively.

摘要

本文采用比较静态一般均衡模型评估森林碳汇支付对美国碳汇、土地利用和农产品价格的影响。采用修正的2008年区域投入产出矩阵，将土地这一异质性因素作为模型的主要变量。该矩阵利用资本和劳动力增长来预测2050年所对应的矩阵。本文考虑的森林产生的碳抵消源情景包括造林预留、商业林业集约化和采伐木材。区域造林碳吸收速率及其成本的新数据将作为潜在活动被用于模拟造林预留的情景。如果以每吨二氧化碳20美元的碳抵消价格来计算，那么到2050年，美国二氧化碳年排放量的12%将被封存。与2050年的基准线进行比较，那么超过一半的额外的碳封存(6.11亿公吨二氧化碳)将归因于预留用地并且其中主要由针叶树森林组成。高昂的碳价会导致土地价格上涨，从而导致15%和8%的草地和农田分别被转移到碳储备区，这主要集中在中部地区。大规模的农业用地转移将强化生产体系，推动牛肉价格上涨14%，油籽价格和谷物价格分别上涨3%和4%。

Keyword

Carbon sequestration ，Afforestation ，Set-aside ，Land-use change ，Computable General Equilibrium ，Heterogeneous land ，Major land resource areas ，Management intensity

关键词

碳汇；造林；预留地；土地利用变化；可计算一般均衡；异构土地；主要土地资源区域；管理强度

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921800916303445?via%3Dihub

2Is It Sustainable to Implement a Regional Payment for Ecosystem Service Programme for 10 Years? An Empirical Analysis From the Perspective of Household Livelihoods

实施为期10年的区域生态系统服务付费计划是否可持续？基于家庭生计视角的实证分析

Abstract

The Paddy Land-to-Dry Land (PLDL) program, implemented in the upstream area of the Miyun Reservoir in China for 10 years, faces sustainability challenges. The issues stem from negative household responses due to the gradual weakening of its positive effects on household livelihoods. This study conducted a field survey based on a quasi-experimental method in the Luanping and Fengning Counties, Hebei Province. The average and heterogeneity effects of the PLDL program on household livelihoods regarding income and income structure were quantitatively evaluated, and the influence mechanisms were analyzed using the propensity score matching, difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) method. The PLDL's impacts on total household income per capita significantly increased during the 10 years of implementation, with a significant increase impacts on off-farm income and a decrease impacts on agricultural income. However, rising price indices have weakened these positive impacts on total household income. The impacts differed with respect to the distance from residence to the secondary river, and the age and health of the household head. The PLDL program contributed to increasing liquidity of rural land and labor, further altering household livelihood activities. The results enabled recommendations to be formed regarding sustainable implementation of the PLDL based on household livelihoods.

摘要

在中国密云水库上游地区实施了10年的“水田转旱地”(PLDL)计划面临着可持续发展的挑战。因为它对家庭生计的积极影响逐渐减弱，参与家庭对该项目有一定的消极反应。本研究采用准实验方法，在河北省滦平县和丰宁县进行了实地调查。本文采用双重差分倾向得分匹配 (PSM-DID)方法，定量评价了PLDL计划对家庭生计收入和收入结构的平均效应和异质性效应，并分析了其影响机制。PLDL对家庭人均总收入的影响在实施的10年中显著增加，非农收入的影响显著增加，农业收入的影响显著减少。然而，不断上涨的物价指数削弱了这些对家庭总收入的积极影响。并且通过异质性分析发现，PLDL对不同特征的家庭影响不同，家庭特征包括从住所到次级河流的距离、户主的年龄和健康状况等方面。PLDL项目有助于增加农村土地和劳动力的流动性，进一步改变了家庭生计活动。研究结果有助于形成以家庭生计为基础的可持续实施PLDL的建议。

Keyword

Paddy Land-to-Dry Land program；Sustainability implementation；Household livelihoods；Propensity score matching, difference-in-difference (PSM-DID)；Miyun Reservoir

关键词

水田转旱地项目；可持续发展；家庭生计；PSM-DID；密云水库

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800919317811?via%3Dihub

3Informal institutions and grassland protection: Empirical evidence from pastoral regions in China

非正式制度与草原保护:来自中国牧区的经验证据

Abstract

Grassland has experienced continuous degradation, resulting in serious ecosystem services loss and unsustainable grazing production. Previous studies have identified the impact of formal environmental institutions or policies on grassland protection. But, little evidence of the effectiveness of informal institutions has been found. Using village grassroots governance as a proxy for informal institutions, this study empirically identifies the effects of informal institutions on grassland quality improvement. Results show that the presence of informal governance leads to improvement in grassland quality. Moreover, these positive effects are found to be more significant when informal governance is in a written form and penalties occur as a consequence of violations. Further in-vestigations reveal that the effectiveness of informal governance is mediated by village size, villager income, household-level compensation from government conservation programs, and grassland property right privati-sation. The findings offer new insights into the positive role played by informal institutions in natural resource management and would assist existing policy instruments in grassland protection.

摘要

草地持续退化造成了严重的生态系统服务功能损失和不可持续的放牧生产。以往的研究已经确定了正式的环境机构或政策对草原保护的影响。但很少有证据表明非正式机构的有效性。本研究以乡村基层治理作为非正式制度的代理变量，通过实证分析非正式制度对草地质量改善的影响。结果表明，非正式治理的存在导致草地质量的改善。此外，我们发现当非正式治理以书面形式出现，并对违反进行惩罚时，这些积极影响更显著。进一步的研究发现，村落规模、村民收入、政府保护项目的户级补偿和草原产权私有化是非正式治理有效性的中介。研究结果为非正式机构在自然资源管理中发挥的积极作用提供了新的见解，并将有助于现有的草原保护政策的改进。

Keyword

Informal institution；Village grassroots governance；Grassland quality；Grassland utilization；Pastoral area；China

关键词

非正式制度；农村基层治理；草原质量；草原利用；牧区；中国

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921001683

4Smallholder farmer preferences for diversifying farming with cover crops of sustainable farm management: A discrete choice experiment in Northwest China

小农可持续经营的覆盖作物多元化经营偏好:中国西北地区离散选择试验

Abstract

This study investigated smallholder farmers' adoption preferences for cropping patterns of cover crops, duration of adoption, and supplementing technical support to reduce agrochemicals regarding sustainable farm management (SFM). A discrete choice experiment was conducted in the Hexi Corridor (D1) and the west Loess Plateau (D2) in northwest China. The results show that farmers in D1 preferred intercropping and rotating cover crops to the current single cropping system, while farmers in D2 prioritized intercropping over rotation and least preferred planting cover crops in marginal land in the double-cropping system. Farmers in both sites preferred 1 or 3 years of adoption over 5 years. Additionally, farmers in D2 preferred technical assistance to reduce the high proportion of agrochemicals. The results indicate that younger farmers with higher annual household incomes were most likely to opt out in D1. In D2, more agricultural labor inputs and raising livestock had positive effects on the adoption of the package. Moreover, farmers who cultivated cash crops were more reluctant to move away from the current cropping system. This study highlights the uses of cover crop intercropping and rotation combining with technical assistance in different agriculturally intensive cropping systems that may be useful in guiding site-specific policy.

摘要

本研究调查了小农对覆盖作物种植模式的采用偏好、采用时间以及在可持续农场管理(SFM)方面减少农药的补充技术支持。在河西走廊(D1)和黄土高原西部(D2)进行了离散选择试验。结果表明，D1农户优先选择套作和轮作覆盖作物，而D2农户优先选择轮作和轮作覆盖作物，而在双季制的边际土地上种植覆盖作物的意愿最低。这两个地区的农民更喜欢1年或3年的收养，而不是5年。此外，D2的农民更倾向于技术援助，以减少农药的高比例。结果表明，家庭年收入较高的年轻农户最可能在D1选择退出。在D2中，更多的农业劳动力投入和饲养牲畜对包装的采用有积极影响。此外，种植经济作物的农民更不愿意脱离现行的种植制度。本研究强调了覆盖作物套作和轮作结合技术援助在不同农业集约化种植制度下的使用，这可能有助于指导特定地点的政策。

KeyWord

Diversify farming; Cover crops; Sustainable farm management; Choice experiment; Northwest China

关键词

多样化农业；覆盖作物；可持续农场管理；选择实验；中国西北地区

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S092180092100118X

5Market knowledge as a driver of sustainable use of common-pool resources: A lab-in-the-field study among pastoralists in Ethiopia

市场知识是公共资源可持续利用的驱动力:来自埃塞俄比亚牧民的实验研究

Abstract

Rural communities that depend on common-pool resources for their livelihoods are being increasingly affected by the expanding global market system. Because such market integration is still relatively thin, communities vary in terms of market comprehension. Using a common-pool resource dilemma experiment, this study examines the effect of market knowledge on decisions concerning the use of common-pool resources among Borana pastoralists. Participants chose to use shared grazing rangelands at low or high levels of grazing intensity. Depending on the resource-use decisions in previous rounds, the participants encountered different pasture-availability conditions that required them to make trade-offs between their short-term interests and the long-term sustainability of the shared rangelands. The results indicate that, when resource conditions were good, resource users with more market knowledge are more likely to choose lower grazing intensity. During scarcity, this effect is weaker. The results further show that within-group variance in market knowledge has a negative effect on decisions relating to sustainable-resource use in times of resource scarcity. The results imply that providing an understanding of market functioning is of vital importance to protecting shared natural resources from depletion in communities experiencing increasing impact from the global market economy.

摘要

依靠公共资源维持生计的农村社区受到不断扩大的全球市场体系的影响日益严重。由于这种全球化市场整合相对薄弱，社区在对于市场的理解上存在差异。本研究采用公共资源困境实验，考察了博拉纳牧民市场知识对公共资源使用决策的影响。参与者选择在低或高放牧强度下使用公共放牧草地。根据前几轮的资源使用决策，参与者会遇到不同的草场可用性条件，这些条件要求他们在短期利益和公共牧场的长期可持续性使用之间进行权衡。结果表明，当资源条件较好时，具有较多市场知识的牧民更有可能选择较低的放牧强度。在稀缺性时期，这种影响较弱。结果进一步表明，在资源稀缺时期，市场知识在社区中的认知差异性对与可持续资源使用相关的决策有负影响。研究结果表明，了解市场运作对于保护受全球市场经济影响越来越大的公共自然资源免于枯竭是至关重要的。

Keyword

Market knowledge；Market integration；Sustainability；Common-pool resources；Rural communities

关键词

市场知识；市场整合；可持续性；公共池塘资源；农村社区

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921000975?via%3Dihub

6Impacts of human behaviour in agri-environmental policies: How adequate is homo oeconomicus in the design of market-based conservation instruments?

人类行为对农业环境政策的影响:经济人在设计基于市场的环境保护工具方面有多适用？

Abstract

Models of human-environment systems frequently employ the model of rational behaviour in which a rational, perfectly informed and self-interested homo oeconomicus maximises individual utility. This model has been criticised with regard to its adequacy in models of social-ecological systems, because other motives exist beyond profit maximisation that affect land-use decisions. The question arises what consequences do these other motives have on the design and performance of environmental policy instruments. For this, two existing generic models of agri-environmental schemes are expanded to consider alternative landowner behaviours: agents make mistakes in their search for the profit-maximising land-use decision, are inequity-averse and care about the profits of their neighbours, and are influenced by their neighbours' decisions. In the analyses even large deviations from the model of homo oeconomicus have generally only a small or moderate effect on the cost-effective design and the level of cost-effectiveness of the two agri-environmental schemes. With the models being rather simplistic, the results should not be used for specific policy advice but to point out and argue that the model of homo oeconomicus should not be abandoned prematurely, but its scope in environmental policy advice needs to be assessed more thoroughly both empirically and theoretically.

摘要

人类-环境系统模型经常采用理性行为模型，在这个模型中，理性的、完全知情的、自利的经济人会将个人效用最大化。这个模型因其在社会-生态系统模型中受到广泛的批评，因为除了利润最大化之外，还有其他动机会影响土地使用决策。问题是这些其他动机对环境政策工具的设计和执行有什么后果。为此，本文将两种现有的农业环境计划通用模型进行扩展，以考虑土地所有者的替代行为，包括代理人在寻求利润最大化的土地使用决策时犯了错误，厌恶不公平，关心他们的邻居的利润，受到邻近的人的决定影响等因素。在模型分析中，即使假设与经济人模型的偏差较大，但对两个农业环境方案的成本效益设计和成本效益水平的影响也一般较小或中等。模型是非常简单的,结果不应该被用于特定的政策建议。本文认为经济人假设不应过早放弃,但其范围在环境政策建议需要更彻底地评估经验和理论。

Keyword

Agent-based model；Conservation payments；Ecological-economic model；Environmental policy；Human behavior

关键词

代理人模型；保护性支付；生态经济模型；环境政策；人类行为

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921000604?via%3Dihub

7Factors affecting the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices: Findings from panel data for Vietnam

影响采用可持续农业实践的因素:来自越南面板数据的实证发现

Abstract

Conventional farming and climate change are placing considerable stress on agricultural systems around the world, leading to increased hunger, malnutrition and food insecurity, particularly in developing countries. Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) can help raise productivity and agricultural incomes while minimising negative environmental impacts. While recognising that sustainability is a contested term, we identify agricultural practices that are generally viewed as sustainable as they minimise impacts on the environment. Despite the benefits of SAPs, adoption rates are still low in developing countries. While previous studies have examined the factors affecting SAP adoption, most have not accounted for issues of heterogeneity and endogeneity inherent in such analysis. In this paper, we address this by employing a random-effects probit model with the Mundlak approach and fixed-effects linear probability models to control for farmer- and plot-level heterogeneities and to avoid the incidental parameters problem. We analyse panel data from Vietnam for approximately 14,000 plots over the period 2008–2016 to identify the factors behind SAP adoption. Overall, we find that improved knowledge transferred by extension agents and learning from peers significantly influence adoption. Farmers' knowledge of their land and soil quality are also important factors. We recommend enhancing cooperation between extension agents, farmer groups and peers in order to encourage SAP adoption.

摘要

传统农业和气候变化对世界各地的农业系统造成了相当大的压力，特别是在发展中国家中会导致饥饿、营养不良和粮食不安全的增加。可持续农业实践（SAP）可以帮助农民提高生产力和农业收入，同时尽量减少对环境的负面影响。虽然我们认识到可持续性是一个有争议的术语，但我们认为，农业实践通常被视为可持续性，因为它们对环境的影响是最小的。尽管SAP有好处，但发展中国家的采用率仍然很低。虽然先前的研究考察了影响SAP采用的因素，但大多数没有解释这种分析中固有的异质性和内生性问题。在本文中，我们通过使用Mundlak方法的随机效应probit模型和固定效应模型来控制农民和地区水平的异质性，并避免附带参数问题来解决这一问题。我们分析了2008-2016年期间来自越南约14000个地区的面板数据，以确定采用SAP背后的因素。总体而言，我们发现由扩展代理传递的知识改进和从同伴处学习显著影响采用。农民对其土地和土壤质量的了解也是重要因素。我们建议加强推广机构、农民团体和同行之间的合作，以鼓励采用SAP 。

Keyword

Sustainable agricultural practices；Smallholder agriculture；Probit model with the Mundlak approach；Vietnam

关键词

可持续农业实践；小农农业；Mundlak方法的随机效应probit模型；越南

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800921000586?via%3Dihub

8Hungry Birds and Angry Farmers: Using Choice Experiments to Assess “Eco-compensation” for Coastal Wetlands Protection in China

饥饿的鸟儿与愤怒的农民:利用选择实验评估中国沿海湿地保护的“生态补偿”

Abstract

The JYNNR – a Ramsar Site, Biosphere Reserve and important wintering ground for 15–18% of the world's Red Crowned Cranes – faces major pressure from regional development. This paper uses choice experiments to assess farmer preferences for an “eco-compensation” program targeting pesticide use by rural communities in and near the Jiangsu-Yancheng Coastal Wetlands Rare Birds National Nature Reserve (JYNNR). “Eco-compensation” is a China-specific term encompassing many incentive-based environmental management approaches. To identify options to reconcile rural welfare improvement with conservation, data was collected from 311 rural households in and near the JYNNR assessing perceptions of the JYNNR, wetland birds, use and impact of pesticides, and preferences for contracts to mitigate pesticide impacts. Results suggest that conflict with the JYNNR is growing, and that pesticide management could be an effective entry-point for engagement. The analysis finds several options for cost-effective contracts: granting rights to leave the program without penalty and increasing share of household land enrolled significantly reduce willingness-to-accept-payment (WTA), while longer contracts and larger reductions in pesticide use increase WTA, which interact meaningfully with farmer characteristics. Providing communities with training and technical support on proper pesticide use could, under specific contract structures, be sufficient to induce 100% enrollment without subsidies.

摘要

江苏盐城滨海湿地珍稀鸟类国家自然保护区是拉姆萨尔湿地，生物圈保护区以及世界上15-18%的丹顶鹤的重要过冬地，目前它面临着来自区域发展的巨大压力。本文以江苏盐城滨海湿地珍稀鸟类国家自然保护区(JYNNR)及其附近农村社区为研究对象，采用选择实验的方法，对农户对农药使用的“生态补偿”偏好进行了评估。“生态补偿”是一个中国特有的术语，包含了许多基于激励的环境管理方法。为了确定协调农村福利改善和保护的方案，从JYNNR区内及附近的311个农村家庭收集了数据，评估了方案对于JYNNR、湿地鸟类、杀虫剂的使用和影响，以及对减轻杀虫剂影响的偏好。结果表明目前居民与JYNNR的冲突正在增加，农药管理可能是一个有效解决冲突的切入点。本文分析发现了几个具有成本效益的合同方案: 授予退出该计划的权利而不受惩罚；增加登记的家庭土地份额显著降低了接受支付意愿(WTA)，而更长的合同和更大程度的杀虫剂使用减少则增加了WTA，这与农民的特点产生了有意义的相互作用。根据具体的合同结构，政府向社区提供适当使用农药的培训和技术支持足以在没有补贴的情况下吸引居民100%的参与。

Keyword

China；Choice experiments；Payments for ecosystem services；Coastal wetlands；Pesticide use；Co-management

关键词

中国；选择实验；生态服务支付；滨海湿地；农药用乳化剂；共同管理

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800917317184?via%3Dihub

9Understanding farmers' reluctance to reduce pesticide use: A choice experiment

理解农民不愿减少农药使用：一个选择实验

Abstract

Despite reducing the use of pesticides being a major challenge in developed countries, dedicated agri-environmental policies have not yet proven successful in doing so. We analyze conventional farmers' willingness to reduce their use of synthetic pesticides. To do so, we conduct a discrete choice experiment that includes the risk of large production losses due to pests. Our results indicate that this risk strongly limits farmers' willingness to change their practices, regardless of the consequences on average profit. Furthermore, the administrative burden has a significant effect on farmers' decisions. Reducing the negative health and environmental impacts of pesticides is a significant motivator only when respondents believe that pesticides affect the environment. Farmers who earn revenue from outside their farms and/or believe that yields can be maintained while reducing the use of pesticides are significantly more willing to adopt low-pesticide practices. Policy recommendations are derived from our results.

摘要

尽管减少杀虫剂的使用是发达国家的一项重大挑战，但专门的农业环境政策在这方面尚未证明是成功的。本文中分析了传统农民减少使用合成农药的意愿。为此，我们进行了离散选择实验，其中包括虫害造成的大量生产损失的风险。我们的结果表明，虫害的风险强烈限制了农民改变其做法的意愿，也使得农民不顾使用农药对平均利润的影响。此外，行政负担对农民决策有显著影响。只有当受访者认为农药影响环境时，减少农药对健康和环境的负面影响才是一个重要的动机。从农场以外获得收入或者认为可以在减少农药使用的同时保持产量的农民明显更愿意降低农药使用量。

Keyword

Pesticides；Agricultural practices ；Production risk；Discrete choice experiment

关键词

农药；农业实践；生产风险；离散选择实验

原文链接

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800919300552?via%3Dihub

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