海外之声 | 英国脱欧——推动市场一体化

导读

自2016年以来，英国脱欧意味着巨大的不确定性，同时增加了法律和操作层面的复杂性，向央行和金融市场的参与者发出了挑战。英国中央对手方（CPPs）是2019年的热门话题，欧盟的市场参与者希望能够继续使用英国的CCPs，继续使用意味着UK CPPs的制度需要获得如EMIR2.2的同等承认，但同时由于英国政府的既定目标是脱离欧盟监管体制，UK CPPs的制度获得承认将是一个大挑战。由于欧盟和英国的金融市场紧密地交织在一起，市场参与者希望英国能在脱欧后找到一个双边监管安排，一种保证在未来可进入UK CPPs的方式。补充监管安排的另一个办法是发展欧盟的工业替代品，但在市场集中和市场实践发展缓慢的现状下，在欧盟建立一个完整的供应链可能需要一段时间。金融稳定仍然是德国央行在讨论CPPs时最关心的问题，我们必须对集中风险保持警惕。除了系统重要性外，有弹性的CPPs还需要支付系统的顺利运行和货币政策的有效实施。由于德国央行是欧元发行的中央银行，以欧元计价的清算活动需要受到有效地监督。需要在监管合作、发展基于欧盟的替代方案和保持金融稳定之间取得平衡，欧盟CCPs不能独自承担这项任务，我们需要在更广泛的范围内，在欧盟建立一个一体化的资本市场，即一个资本市场联盟，这也仍是欧盟委员会的政策目标。基于共同、相称和有效的规则和条例的更为一体化的市场不仅将促进市场参与者的业务，还将有助于经济和货币联盟在长期内的稳定。关于欧盟如何推进资本市场一体化的问题，为了在资本市场联盟议程上取得具体进展，德国央行认为在两个领域中，泛欧洲做法提供了丰富的发展潜力：一是扩大中小企业资本市场准入；二是散户投资者应加强资本市场文化建设，尤其是加强养老保障。

综上所述，欧洲市场一体化需要牢记四点：第一，综合市场可以更有效地挖掘金融部门和实体经济的增长潜力；第二，市场一体化有助于确保更大的金融独立性；第三，市场一体化可以增强金融稳定，特别是在欧元区。第四，需要在中小企业市场准入和养老资本市场文化方面取得进展。关于英国脱欧，加强欧盟自己的市场基础设施——欧盟资本市场的生命线——将有助于欧洲成为全球金融体系中的一个强国。在监管合作、进一步开发基于欧盟的替代方案和维护金融稳定之间取得平衡，对于CCPs来说至关重要。

作者 | 萨宾•莫德勒，德意志联邦银行执行委员会成员

英文原文如下：

Sabine Mauderer: Brexit - a push for market integration

Keynote speech by Dr Sabine Mauderer, Member of the Executive Board of the Deutsche Bundesbank, (held by Mr Peter Griep, Director General Markets on behalf of Dr Sabine Mauderer), at the GFF Summit 2020, Luxemburg, 29 January 2020.

Introduction

Ladies and gentlemen,

Let me start by thanking Clearstream for the kind invitation to speak to you today.I am delighted that the Bundesbank is part of this event, as it has been in previous years.Looking at the calendar, the date of your conference is quite momentous – we are two days away from Brexit.Since 2016, Brexit has implied a great deal of uncertainty, raising complex legal and operational questions. On the one hand, this is true for central bankers.For example, we have to consider that, in our asset purchase programme, investors in the UK have been the most active sellers located outside the euro area.Moreover, banks in the UK have been the main facilitators of APP bond sales by non-euro area investors.On the other hand, you as financial market participants have had to deal with complex Brexit challenges as well, for example when it comes to CCP services.The precise role that London – and CCPs based in the City – will play for the EU will only emerge when the final terms of the future EU-UK relationship have been agreed.We all hope that the political process will come to a timely and successful conclusion, so we can leave talk about cliff-edge risks behind us.Continued access to UK CCPs was a hot topic in 2019.Meanwhile, market participants in the EU wish to have continued access to UK CCPs even beyond December 2020.To this end, an equivalence recognition of the future UK CCP regime in accordance with EMIR 2.2 is one of the requirements.This is quite a challenge, taking into account that the stated objective of the UK government is to diverge from the EU regulatory regime.Since EU and UK financial markets are so deeply intertwined, many market participants hope that the EU and the UK will find a bilateral regulatory post-Brexit arrangement.A modus vivendi that guarantees the current access to UK clearing houses at acceptable conditions in the future.Hoping for regulatory post-Brexit arrangements is one thing. Developing EU-based industry alternatives is another.A well-known alternative is Eurex Clearing’s Partnership Program.However, market concentration is still high. For example, about 85% of euro-denominated OTC interest rate swaps are cleared at LCH Ltd. in London.In the face of market concentration and relatively slow-moving market practices, it is quite obvious that developing a complete supply chain in the EU may take some time.For regulators and the Bundesbank as part of the Eurosystem, financial stability remains our paramount concern in the discussion on CCPs.We have to be vigilant with regard to concentration risks.Apart from their systemic importance, resilient CCPs also matter for the smooth functioning of payment systems and effective conduct of monetary policy.In its role as the central bank of issue for the euro, the Eurosystem needs to effectively oversee euro-denominated clearing activities, no matter where they are established.So summing up, what we need is a balance between regulatory cooperation, further developing EU-based alternatives and preserving financial stability.Striking this balance is essential for the EU to become a true and sustainable powerhouse in the global financial system.But even though resilient EU-based CCPs can make an important contribution to this European powerhouse, they cannot shoulder this task on their own, of course.What we need on a wider scale is to forge an integrated capital market in the EU – a capital markets union.This continues to be the European Commission’s policy objective.More integrated markets, based on common, proportionate and effective rules and regulations, would boost your business as market participants. They would also help to make our economic and monetary union more stable in the long term.

What opportunities do integrated capital markets have to offer?

So what I will do next is focus on the integration of the EU’s capital markets.

The key questions are:First, what opportunities do integrated capital markets have to offer? And:Second, how can the EU press ahead with market integration?The first question – about the opportunities offered by integrated, and thus deeper, capital markets – can be answered in a number of ways. Allow me to touch upon three of them.The first, and most important, is: capital markets can boost growth potential.They channel savings to where the greatest benefits are expected: to the best ideas and firms.If we use the size of capital markets as a rough measure of how they power the economy, Europe has a vast amount of untapped potential.At any rate, the differences compared to the financial markets in the United States are considerable.Let’s compare the domestic equity markets: in the United States they are about 148 percent of its GDP. In the euro area, it is just 50 percent of its GDP.Second, integrated EU markets are becoming increasingly important in a changed global setting.If others cut themselves off, it is crucial for Europe to bundle its power. This is the only way to gain resilience and become less dependent on financial flows from third countries.At the end of the day, it is about funding the major projects for the future of the EU. It is about successfully transitioning to an innovative digital and climate-neutral economy!Third, speaking as a Eurosystem central banker, I support integrated markets from a monetary policy perspective as well.Cross-border capital ties are a channel of private risk sharing in a monetary union. Just to give you one example: If company owners are residents in different states, the distribution of business profits and losses spread shocks throughout the currency area. Thus, economic shocks that hit individual member states particularly hard could be cushioned.Without being a magic formula, market integration can thus help to make our economic and monetary union more stable in the long term and contribute to greater financial stability.

How can the EU press ahead with capital market integration?

But how can the EU press ahead with the integration of its capital markets? This is the second question I would like to address.

Since the start of the project in 2015, it has been clear that establishing a capital markets union is a complex mission, and also a multidimensional and long-term effort.In the past, progress often came to a halt when the differences in legal and tax regimes or capital market supervision seemed to be too great.Furthermore, there needs to be greater trust: both among Member States and also in their relationships with the Commission.For the sake of making concrete progress on the capital markets union agenda, the Bundesbank can see at least two areas where pan-European approaches offer particularly rich potential.First, broader capital market access for SMEs;And second, more capital market culture among retail investors, particularly with a view to strengthening old-age provision.Needless to say, sustainable finance also offers a huge amount of potential. The European Commission is aiming for a Green Deal to make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050.

Broader capital market access for SMEs

My first point – broader capital market access for SMEs – builds on the lessons learned from the past decade.

In the euro area, the sovereign debt crisis mainly affected banks in Member States regarded as less creditworthy.As a result, some areas lacked financial support when they needed it most. Small businesses with no access to capital markets were hit especially hard by banks’ restraint.Much has happened since then. For example, we have introduced a countercyclical capital buffer to boost resilience in Europe’s banking sector.At the same time, it’s always a good idea to have a broad range of funding options to choose from.Capital market solutions can pick up where bank-based funding leaves off.It’s the start-ups I’m mainly talking about here. This is where the benefits of venture capital are particularly evident.And yet, compared to regions like America or Asia/Pacific, venture capital markets in many EU countries are still underdeveloped.The list of countries with room for improvement includes Germany, where plans for a government funding programme have been aired recently.According to the latest report , there were positive developments in EU venture capital markets in 2019.It is very promising to go further down this road as a way of unleashing fresh innovative potential.Of course, broader capital market access does not mean doing away with bank-based funding – just complementing it.On the other side, we need to improve conditions for those providing capital.Investors need clear and reliable investment conditions in order to make commitments.This includes, of course, the most harmonised legal regime possible, and also better information about corporates.In a broader context, the capital markets union, together with the banking union, needs to become a fully-fledged financing union that promotes investment and innovation in Europe.We have achieved a great deal for the banking union within just a few years.A strong pan-European banking supervisor, the SSM, is up and running.And the Single European Resolution Mechanism, the SRM, has already proved that it functions.The recent push by Finance Minister Scholz on the European deposit insurance scheme shows that Germany is serious about promoting integrated funding markets in Europe.It is still important that certain preconditions are met before a common deposit insurance scheme can be established.Despite all the controversy, one thing is clear: progress on the banking union also advances the capital markets union – not least because banks are major players in the capital market. Their job is to act as a “door opener” for businesses.

More capital market culture in old-age provision

Another area where Europe could go further is in promoting a capital market culture for retail investors, particularly when it comes to old-age provision.

The euro area, for instance, has its own “untapped” funding source: savings surpluses of more than €300 billion a year.These savings surpluses are driven in part by the greater need to provide for old age in times of demographic change and low interest rates.Capital markets have the task of bringing together old-age provision and robust investment opportunities.Sadly, though, the market for private old-age provision is still fragmented. Different regimes at the national level are preventing the emergence of a pan-EU market for pension products.What is more, only a limited number of products are based on capital market instruments. This drives up costs for savers and restricts market liquidity.The newly established pan-European personal pension products (PEPPs) are designed to remedy this situation.In general, savings can impact more strongly on the economy if sound investment options are available across national borders.And to flank these efforts, we need to do more to promote financial literacy. Savers need to become confident investors with a keen eye for opportunities and risks.

Conclusion

Ladies and gentlemen, let me conclude by summing up my main messages.

With regard to European market integration, there are four points we need to bear in mind.First, integrated markets can tap into the growth potential of the financial sector and real economy more effectively;Second, market integration can help ensure greater financial independence;Third, market integration can enhance financial stability, particularly in the euro area.And fourth, we need progress in terms of market access for SMEs and capital market culture in old-age provision.With regard to Brexit, strengthening our own market infrastructures – the lifelines of the EU capital market – will help Europe become a powerhouse in the global financial system.Striking a balance between regulatory cooperation, further developing EU-based alternatives and preserving financial stability is essential when it comes to CCPs – which are one of the core topics of this conference.In closing, allow me to wish you all a pleasant and successful event!Thank you for your attention.

编译  蓝可琦

编辑  李锦璇

来源  BIS

审校  金天、蒋旭

监制  朱霜霜

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