特朗普签署行政令，推动警察部门改革

当地时间6月16日，美国总统特朗普签署了一份名为“用安全执法保护社区安全”的行政令，旨在推动警察部门改革，确保警察安全执法。该行政令规定，美国警察在未受生命威胁的情况下，禁止对执法对象采用“锁喉”动作。

在白宫玫瑰园举行的签署仪式上，特朗普表示该行政令将结束“旧的失败模式”，并鼓励警察部门“采用最高的专业标准来服务所在社区”。

After weeks of pressure following the death of George Floyd, U.S. President Trump signed an executive order Tuesday to reform police departments, calling for a ban on dangerous chokeholds, but he stopped well short of demands made at nationwide protests against racism and police brutality. 

"We have to break old patterns of failure," Trump said in a Rose Garden ceremony. He also said that he would use access to federal funding grants as leverage to persuade departments "to adopt the highest professional standards." 

这一行政令将要求在警察培训、人员招募等方面做出改革；设立数据库，在联邦、州、地方等执法机构间共享信息，以追踪有过执法不当行为的警察；为警察提供资金和培训，以便其更好处理涉及精神疾病患者和吸毒人员的案件。

此外，行政令还会将联邦拨款的分发与良好的警务联系起来，合乎标准的警察部门将会受到联邦资金的倾斜；不同警察部门之间也将在人事任免或调动方面进行信息共享，对于那些在执法过程中有不良记录的人将免予雇用。

当地时间6月1日，警察驱散白宫外的抗议示威人群。/图源: 路透社

行政令强调了“除非生命受到威胁”，警察在执法中不得使用“锁喉”动作。

特朗普在签署仪式上表示，这一行政令的实施将使美国社会朝“安全，美丽和优雅的正义”迈出“巨大的一步”。但同时他也承认行政令虽能对警察部门改革做出指导，后续还需要通过立法来实现执法的长期变革。

His executive order encourages de-escalation training, better recruitment, sharing of data on police who have bad records and money to support police in complicated duties related to people with mental or drug issues.

Departments that seek out external certifications have a better chance of being awarded federal grants. Police departments will also be able to share information on officer complaints more easily, so as to prevent disciplined or terminated officers from seeking jobs in other nearby localities. 

A highlight of Trump's proposals, which he said could be complemented by legislation being negotiated in the Republican-controlled Senate, was ending chokeholds "except if an officer's life is at risk," he said. 

Trump called his initiative "a tremendous step" toward "safe, beautiful and elegant justice."

While the executive order provides guidance for immediate police reform, Trump acknowledged that Congress must pass legislation for there to be long-term change in law enforcement.

对于这项行政令，部分民主党人和民权组织认为，其作出的改变太少，措施过于“温和”。

美国国会众议院议长、民主党人南希·佩洛西发表声明表示，该政令无法消除种族不平等、警察暴力执法等美国社会“疫病”。

Critics, including the Democratic speaker of the House of Representatives, Nancy Pelosi, derided his efforts.

"The president's weak executive order falls sadly and seriously short of what is required to combat the epidemic of racial injustice and police brutality," she said in a statement.

"During this moment of national anguish, we must insist on bold change, not meekly surrender to the bare minimum." 

此前，也有部分民主党人和民权组织要求通过削减警察部门资金等方式，对美国警察系统进行彻底改革。美国国内甚至还有声音要求解散警察局，建立“社区主导”的治安模式。

不过，特朗普在行政令签署仪式上表示反对削减警察部门资金或解散警察局，认为这些提议是“激进、危险”之举。

“美国人都知道这个真相：没有警察，就会有混乱，”特朗普在签署仪式上说道。

当地时间6月16日，美国总统特朗普在行政令签署仪式上发表讲话。/图源：法新社

Democrats and civil rights groups say that full-scale rethinking of police culture, and even cuts in police funding, are needed to bring necessary change.

"Americans know the truth: without police, there is chaos," Trump said.

当地时间6月1日，明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市举办的一场弗洛伊德悼念活动。/图源：路透社

5月25日，明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市警察在拘捕非裔男子乔治·弗洛伊德时用膝盖压迫他的颈部致其死亡。

“弗洛伊德之死”事件所引发的全美反种族歧视抗议活动已持续逾三周，美国社会关于改革警察执法、消除种族歧视的讨论仍在不断升温。 

当地时间6月13日，示威者手持标语抗议非裔男子雷萨德·布鲁克斯在警察执法中被枪杀。/图源:路透社

上周，佐治亚州亚特兰大市又因非裔男子雷萨德·布鲁克斯在警察执法中被枪杀爆发新一轮的抗议示威。

A first wave of unrest began more than three weeks ago, after the May 25 death of George Floyd, an African-American man, in Minneapolis.

Floyd stopped breathing when an officer knelt on his neck, having already handcuffed and pinned him to the ground during arrest for a minor offense. Amateur video of the incident sparked demonstrations nationwide and looting and arson in some places. 

New tensions erupted last week after the death in Atlanta, Georgia, of Rayshard Brooks, another African American whom police say was shot in the back as he ran away from arresting officers, having grabbed one of their tasers and aimed it at them.

当地时间6月7日，美国弗吉尼亚州里士满市，示威者要求拆除南北战争时期南方邦联统帅罗伯特·李将军的雕像。/图源：美联社

与此同时，是否“拆除欧洲殖民者、南北战争时期南方邦联人物雕像”的争论也导致了新的紧张局势。6月15日，新墨西哥州阿尔伯克基市一名抗议示威者试图拆除一座西班牙殖民者雕像时，遭到一伙右翼分子的枪击。

The Black Lives Matter movement has spun off into attacks by activists against statues commemorating figures from colonial or slavery eras. On Monday, a man was shot when a heavily armed right-wing group tried to defend a statue of a 16th-century Spanish conquistador in Albuquerque, local media reported. 

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