7月13日晚，中央广播电视总台中国国际电视台（CGTN）的“全球疫情会诊室”节目迎来了来自中国、赞比亚、加拿大和比利时四国的十几位医学和公共卫生政策领域的专家，共同探讨各国在应对新冠肺炎疫情期间在公共防疫政策方面的经验和教训。根据约翰斯·霍普金斯大学的数据，截至7月14日，赞比亚新冠肺炎累计确诊病例1895例，累计治愈1348例。而据加拿大和比利时专家在节目里介绍，目前两国疫情均已基本得到控制。In the latest episodes of CGTN's livestream program "COVID-19 Frontline" held on Monday, July 13, CGTN invited experts from China's First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University and Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to exchange their COVID-19 prevention experience with overseas counterparts from Zambia and Canada.西安交通大学公共卫生学院曾令霞教授指出，这次疫情暴露出医学教育中一个很重要的问题，就是公共卫生人才的培养严重不足。她举例说，在这次疫情防控中，疫情的研判主要依赖于流行病学调查数据的准确性，需要通过调查来摸清感染者的来龙去脉和传播链，才能制定针对性的措施，阻断疾病的传播，而流行病调查人员就是这个过程中最需要的人才。但是这次疫情中的相关人才是非常有限的，而且这些有限的专业人才至今仍然工作在一线，因为没有人能够替换他们。她解释说，公共卫生是从群体的角度做防控，是医学教育里非常重要的一部分，但是多年以来的医学教育一直重临床，轻预防。我国每年公共卫生人才的培养数量只有18万，且人才流失严重，目前整个公共卫生人才队伍里，基层人员和高水平人才都不足。公共卫生在医疗体系里的作用就像大坝，是用来防洪的，如果预防没做好，那么当滚滚洪流袭来的时候，对于医疗体系就是灾难，因此公共卫生的大坝一定要筑牢。她还指出，这次疫情防控工作对于公共卫生人才队伍也是一次锻炼，他们全面参与到疫情的数据分析和研判中，具体工作包括大数据整合、趋势模型构建、聚集性疫情分析等，并及时向政府的决策部门提供疫情分析结果，积极促成应对措施的尽快出台。Changes to public health education needed
Zeng Lingxia, professor of School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University, said public health is a very important part of medical education, but clinical medicine has always been given more attention than public health in the past. This has always been a big problem. At the early stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, many medics were infected. Public health is about prevention and control from the perspective of the population, but the clinical practice is about individual diagnosis and treatment; different aspects are emphasized. The goal of public health education in China is still very vague, and "we need to reorient the educational goals of public health. The role of public health in the medical protection system is like a dam for flood control. The public health talents are the people on the front lines," professor Zeng said.多伦多大学公共卫生学院教授魏晓林说，他们从疫情应对中学到的第一个教训就是各个国家的医疗体系需要相互学习。他介绍说，中国、日本和新加坡的感染率和病死率都很低，加拿大在疫情控制方面做得比法国、意大利等欧洲国家好一些，比美国好很多。需要注意的是，美国的医疗体系从各项指标来看都位于全球前列，但是在这次疫情防控中却很失败，说明大家都应该保持虚心学习的态度。他还指出，加拿大的第一例新冠肺炎确诊病例出现在1月26日，世界卫生组织于3月12日宣布新冠肺炎为“大流行病”，这期间有将近两个月的时间，加拿大和美国之间的边界没有关闭，而中国对湖北的封城措施则非常迅速，对控制疫情起到了关键的作用。此外他提示，目前应该储备更多的医疗防护装备和呼吸机，因为今年秋冬很可能会有第二波疫情，需要提前做好准备。加拿大纽芬兰纪念大学医学院教授王培忠介绍说，加拿大的华人的感染率远低于整体水平，主要原因就是他们及时阅读了很多来自国内的新闻和材料，学到很多经验教训，是加拿大反应最快的群体，在加拿大政府还没有开始鼓励戴口罩、保持社交距离等自我保护措施之前，就意识到了危险并采取了这些防护措施。此外，他们还积极与其他族裔的同胞分享经验，建立互助小组，组织志愿者为社区提供采买服务等。他说，虽然华人只占到加拿大总人口的5%，却对加拿大的疫情控制做出了很大贡献。赞比亚医学与外科学院主任乔纳森·伊卡恰纳·西塔利（Jonathan Ikachana Sitali）说，由于疫情，医学教育工作很难开展，他想知道应该如何应对。多伦多大学医学科学研究所所长刘明耀分享了他们学院的经验。他提出了三个方面的具体注意事项，一是学院领导要有强有力的领导力，建立完整的应急计划；二是要把学生和工作人员的安全放在首位，所以课程、考试和会议全部都转移到了线上进行；三是以学生为中心，开设答疑课，专门解答学生问题。例如北美反种族歧视抗议活动期间，很多学生都很担心，学院就组织了一对一的学生访谈，确保给与学生足够的帮助。另外他指出，学院的中心思想是让学生忙起来，鼓励他们在家期间多看论文，组织他们开小组讨论会等。西安交通大学第一附属医院院长施秉银也回答说，现在他们的会议和培训都是在线上进行。他还介绍，他们学院有多年的留学生教育经验，还有一个互联网医院，未来和赞比亚同行有很多合作空间。Experts' frontline experiencesShi Bingyin, dean of the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, said he had spent about two months in Wuhan, China, and treated many severe COVID-19 patients. He said the first thing is to carefully observe changes in disease progression and then give specific treatments. Nursing is also very important. If necessary, intubation must be immediately done for some specific patients. Dr Shi thinks most patients should recover quickly but treatment needs to be done in time, otherwise, the patient's condition will worsen.Zhang Weihong, professor of School of Public Health, Ghent University, Belgium, said Belgium is a very small country, and the health care system in Belgium is relatively stable among the European countries. Everyone, regardless of whether they are rich or poor, is covered by insurance. And data related to the pandemic is collected via specialized hospitals, and then uploaded to a central system. Mildly ill patients are quarantined at home and critically ill patients go to hospitals. Professor Zhang said they found that women are more susceptible to the novel coronavirus, but men tend to have a higher mortality rate. As the course of the disease progresses, elderly patients are more likely to be treated at the ICU. More than half of all elderly deaths in Belgium occur in nursing homes, Zhang added.Wei Xiaolin, professor of the University of Toronto, Canada, spoke on the current situation in Canada. He said nursing homes in Canada are also heavily affected by the novel coronavirus. He said the Canadian federal government needs to improve its cooperation with provincial governments. Under such an emergency, it really needs a coalition body at the federal level to collect all the data and provide policies. He said the first COVID-19 case in Canada was reported on January 26, but Canada did not respond quickly enough. Besides, Canada also needs to prepare more personal protective equipment as well as respirators, and the elderly in nursing homes need to be given more attention. Maybe in the future, when there is an infectious disease, the nursing home should be closed and its staff should be tested.节目中，中外专家还就新冠肺炎的中医治疗、疫苗研发等话题进行了交流和讨论。中方专家在节目最后表示，愿意在疫情防控、医学教育、公共卫生防疫体系建设等领域为有需要的国家提供力所能及的帮助，为助力全球早日战胜新冠疫情贡献力量。In later episodes of "COVID-19 Frontline," more frontline doctors and experts from China will join in to share their experience with their colleagues from other parts of the world. If you have any questions regarding COVID-19, you can share with us using #MyOpinionOnCOVID19 on Facebook.
“全球疫情会诊室”：张伯礼团队与加纳医学专家探讨中医药抗疫