评论丨“一国两制”是和平统一与现代化的中国智慧
The Victoria Harbor in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, south China, June 11, 2020. /Xinhua
编者按：田飞龙是全国港澳研究会理事、北京航空航天大学法学院副教授。本文仅代表作者观点，不代表本台观点。
“一个国家，两种制度”，1982年1月11日邓小平在会见美国华人协会主席李耀滋时，对叶剑英委员长关于台湾问题的“叶九条”进行了本质精神的概括，为中国和平统一与现代化事业的战略决策的形成确定了清晰的法理架构。
Since then, "One Country, Two Systems" has become a consistent principle and strategic guideline adopted by the central government to address the peaceful reunification with the Hong Kong and Macao special administrative regions (SARs) and the Taiwan region, as well as the country's modernization.
从此，“一国两制”成为中央处理港澳台和平统一与国家现代化发展的稳定政策思路和战略性杠杆。
The political and ideological origins of "One Country, Two Systems" can be traced back to the "unity in diversity" policy in traditional Chinese governance and the strategic plan by the Communist Party of China (CPC) on the Taiwan question. Mao Zedong and other members of the first generation of the CPC leadership had already explored and discussed the strategic concept and institutional principles of "One Country, Two Systems." Based on this, Deng Xiaoping, taking into consideration the strategic environment of reform and opening up and the demand of national development, further delineated the idea in terms of jurisprudence and policymaking and used it as a guideline to continuously explore solutions on the Taiwan question and the optimal pathway to solving the Hong Kong and Macao questions.
“一国两制”其来有自，其政策渊源和思想来源可追溯到中国传统治理中的“多元一体”的大一统秩序以及中国共产党关于台湾问题解决思路的战略运筹。毛泽东等第一代中共领导人对“一国两制”的战略构想和制度原则已有一定的探索和论述，邓小平在此基础和脉络上结合改革开放的战略环境与国家发展需求，将这一构想予以法理和政策体系上的清晰化，并作为持续探索台湾问题解决方案以及优先适用于港澳问题制度化解决的最佳路径。
"One Country, Two Systems" manifests multiple facets of innovation and institutional breakthroughs. First, it integrates the peaceful reunification of the country with national modernization, which means the process of national reunification is aligned with peace and development – two themes Deng Xiaoping identified as essential to the world's development. In this way, "One Country, Two Systems" not only coordinates various domestic targets related to reunification but also creates connectivity between China and the rest of the world.
“一国两制”作为一种国家战略思维，具有多重创新性和制度突破意义：其一，“一国两制”将和平统一与国家现代化有机结合，将国家统一过程与邓小平判断的世界主题即“和平”与“发展”兼容起来，实现了与统一有关的国家多层次目标的协调一致，并创造性实现了中国与外部世界的互联互通，体现国家战略思维的顶层逻辑和发展理性;
Second, "One Country, Two Systems" is underpinned by the recognition of an ever-changing world free from cold war. The world is by no means characterized by cold war, and only a development model featuring peace and common prosperity can lead to a Chinese path free from that. The creative practice in the Hong Kong and Macao SARs and China's Taiwan is meaningful for exploring the path for China and the world.
其二，“一国两制”建立在对世界体系可变性和去冷战化的正确判断和引导的基础之上，认为冷战体系不能代表世界体系的本质和未来，而以非冷战的和平方式和共同发展模式可以创造一种走出冷战泥潭和困境的中国道路，港澳台的创造性实践因而具有为中国自身亦为世界探路的积极意义；
Third, "One Country, Two Systems" allows sovereign countries to support the establishment of a highly autonomous local system, realizing "One Country" as the basic sovereignty and the "Two Systems" interacting with each other constructively. The optimization and evolution of systems resulting from the co-existence, competition and integration among different systems constitute an important contribution to the modernization of China's governance.
其三，“一国两制”实现了主权国家秩序对地方高度自治体系的建构、包容和引导，实现了“一国”的最低限度主权建构和“两制”的良性互动法权建构，不同制度之间以共存、竞争和有机融合的方式实现制度演化和优化，是对中国整体国家治理现代化的制度性贡献；
Fourth, "One Country, Two Systems" provides the best platform and reference for the Chinese mainland to draw on the reasonable institutional and technological elements of Western capitalism. It has helped China to structurally accelerate its reform and opening-up and modernization and effectively expanded China's knowledge of capitalism and globalization, as well as its concrete experience in risk management.
其四，“一国两制”为中国内地学习借鉴西方资本主义合理制度元素和技术元素提供了最佳平台和素材，结构性加速了中国改革开放和现代化的步伐，并有效扩充了中国关于资本主义与全球化的系统知识及风险应对的具体经验。
The skyline and buildings in the business district of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, south China, September 20, 2021. /Getty
"One Country, Two Systems" has played an indispensable role in the past four decades of reform and opening up. First, "One Country, Two Systems" has helped realize the peaceful return of the Hong Kong and Macao SARs to China and the formulation and implementation of the two Basic Laws, contributing to the long-term prosperity of the two SARs and supporting China's modernization. The establishment of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area will further utilize the institutional strength of "One Country, Two Systems" and the trend of globalization.
改革开放40年，“一国两制”在其中扮演了不可或缺的战略杠杆作用：其一，“一国两制”成功运用于实现港澳和平回归及两个基本法的制定和实施，对港澳保持长期繁荣稳定以及利用港澳平台支撑国家现代化做出了独特贡献，今日的粤港澳大湾区建设更是要进一步深度借重港澳“一国两制”制度优势和全球化元素;
Second, the implementation of "One Country, Two Systems" and the Basic Law play an important part in the constructive interactions between the two SARs and the Chinese mainland. It has also boosted the modernization of governance and the rule of law in China and helped the country better understand modern governance and the rule of law in the West.
其二，“一国两制”及其基本法秩序的规范实施，对港澳法治和国家法治的法理交流与良性互动起到关键性支撑作用，对国家法治现代化有重要促进，更对中国认知西方法治和现代治理有引导性价值；
Third, the implementation of "One Country, Two Systems" in the Hong Kong and Macao SARs and its institutional experience in facing challenges, such as the introduction of the Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), the electoral system improvements in the HKSAR and the implementation of the principle of "patriots governing Hong Kong" are useful references for us to understand "One Country, Two Systems" and explore an approach for the Taiwan question.
其三，“一国两制”的港澳实施及其应对风险挑战的制度性经验，如香港国安法和新选举法的引入，以及“爱国者治港”的全面准确落实，对于完整理解“一国两制”系统法理并探索“一国两制”台湾方案有着直接的参考借鉴意义。
"One Country, Two Systems" is expected to remain unchanged in the Hong Kong and Macao SARs for 50 years since their return to China. However, the approach to the Taiwan question is still open for exploration, which demonstrates the political wisdom and creativity of this principle. This year marks the 40th anniversary of Deng Xiaoping's first clear proposal of the "One Country, Two Systems" and the 25th anniversary of the implementation of the Basic Law of Hong Kong. This year is also a critical year for cross-Strait relations. Reviewing the historical context and the institutional mechanism of "One Country, Two Systems" in national governance and development will help us better understand the jurisprudence and policy optimization of the principle in the new era.
“一国两制”在港澳实施五十年不变，其台湾方案仍然是开放性探索议题，表明了这一战略方针的高度政治智慧和制度创新活力。今年是邓小平首次明确提出“一国两制”40周年，是香港基本法实施25周年，也是两岸关系面对内外挑战的关键年份，我们重温“一国两制”在国家治理和发展中的历史脉络和制度理性，有助于更加全面深刻理解新时代对“一国两制”的法理坚持和政策优化思路。
On December 20, 2021, the State Council Information Office of China released a white paper titled "Hong Kong: Democratic progress under the framework of One Country, Two Systems," which gives a holistic picture from the historical origin to the future development of democracy in the HKSAR. It provides the most authentic interpretation of "One Country, Two Systems" in the HKSAR. Therefore, it has helped restore democracy in the HKSAR and will inspire the governance and institutional progress in Macao and Taiwan.
2021年12月20日，国务院新闻办发布《“一国两制”下香港的民主发展》白皮书，对香港民主的历史来源、制度基础、演变规律和未来发展作出了最权威和最符合“一国两制”初心的系统解释，从而对香港民主拨乱反正以及澳门、台湾相关治理和制度进程都有启发和指导意义。
2021 marked the centenary of the CPC. It was also a crucial year for formulating the road map and targets of the Party's governance for the next century. "One Country, Two Systems" was regarded as an important principle for national rejuvenation and the modernization of governance in both Xi Jinping's speech marking the centenary of the CPC and the Resolution of the CPC Central Committee on the Major Achievements and Historical Experience of the Party over the Past Century adopted at the sixth plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the CPC. It is also seen as a strategy to bolster connectivity between China and the rest of the world and as an innovative mindset for the high-level reform and opening up in China.
2021年是建党百年，也是谋划“第二个百年”目标和路径的关键年份。无论是七一讲话，还是十九届六中全会历史决议，都将“一国两制”作为民族复兴与国家治理现代化的关键制度元素，也将其作为中国与外部世界互联互通的战略杠杆元素，更将其作为中国高水平改革开放的创新思维因素。
In 2022, we will welcome the 20th National Congress of the CPC, and the 14th Five-Year Plan will witness breakthroughs. We will see the integrated development of the innovative projects in Hengqin, Qianhai and the HKSAR's Northern Metropolis strategy. The decisive second half of "One Country, Two Systems" is kicking off. In the process of realizing China's national rejuvenation, "One Country, Two Systems" will continue to play its historical and innovative role as a driving force for peace and development.
2022年将迎来党的二十大以及“十四五规划”突破性进展，还有“横琴方案”、“前海方案”和香港“北部都会区”的融合发展，“一国两制”的下半场决定性启幕。在迈向“第二个百年”的民族复兴目标过程中，“一国两制”必将继续发挥杠杆性功效，为中国制度创新增添活力。