联大首份人工智能决议出炉:技术监管的美国角色与全球未来
The following article is from 复旦中美友好互信合作计划 Author 何文翔、李亚琦
* “中美友好互信合作计划”是由复旦发展研究院和丰实集团共同打造的中美关系研究的学术平台
3月28日,美国白宫管理与预算办公室(OMB)发布政策备忘录M-24-10,要求在各联邦机构内设立首席人工智能官(Cheif
AI Officer,
CAIO)职位,履行技术治理、创新监管和风险管控等职能,这一举措既是美国国内监管人工智能的动向,也是美国加速打造全球人工智能治理标杆的举措。正如副总统哈里斯对设立CAIO职位表示,此举有望发挥“美国国内政策的全球示范效应”。布鲁金斯学会也曾分析指出,美国国内人工智能治理事项将较大程度上影响国际人工智能治理的结果。
而美国国内人工智能治理的“全球雄心”,很大程度上来自联合国方面的进展。3月21日,联合国大会通过了由美国提出的人工智能监管决议,鼓励各国在人工智能发展过程中保障人权、保护个人数据隐私并管控风险。对于联合国首份人工智能决议,绝大多数成员国在进行磋商谈判后最终表示了支持,但决议背后以美国为主导的意志不容忽视。随着国内与全球的双重技术治理行动,美国能否塑造人工智能治理的全球领导力?而将AI监管纳入联合国事项又是否可行?
联大决议与治理“三原则”
协议中的美人工智能治理领导者叙事
1
叙事建构:协议的“价值观”与“普适性”
2
叙事焦虑:美欧人工智能治理主导权竞争
人工智能监管应以联合国为主吗?
1
“机构网络”下的联合国角色
1. 定期评估人工智能的未来方向和影响。
2. 开发和协调标准、安全以及风险管理框架。
3. 促进国际合作,包括人才发展、计算资源获取、构建多样化的高质量数据集、负责任地共享开源模型,以及为可持续发展目标(SDGs)提供 AI 支持的公共产品。
4. 监控风险、报告事件并协调紧急响应。
2
局限尚存:风险定义与妥协成果
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往期回顾