孙天琦:08年金融危机以来,关于最后贷款人机制的研究
中央银行最后贷款人(Lender of Last Resort,LLR)职能是金融安全网的重要支柱。2008年国际金融危机后,金融稳定理事会(FSB)、国际货币基金组织(IMF)、国际清算银行(BIS)等国际组织、主要经济体央行和学术界从救助方式、条件、对象、效果以及LLR的治理等多个角度对于央行行使LLR职能进行了全方位讨论,主要观点有:
一是LLR救助方式从传统的信贷支持拓展至最后做市商,通过买卖资产向市场提供紧急流动性支持,但也有观点认为最后做市商是一种“准财政”手段,可能助长市场的“流动性幻觉”;
二是在LLR救助条件方面应放松抵押品标准,并审慎施加惩罚性利率;
三是LLR对中央对手方等可能引发系统性风险的非银行金融机构和非金融机构提供救助有必要性,但也可能助长道德风险,并影响央行独立性;
四是LLR对银行的救助框架应尽可能事先明确,但对非银机构的救助应实施“建设性模糊”;
五是LLR救助可能引发事后道德风险,高风险机构运用LLR资金继续购买高风险资产;
六是金融安全网不健全导致LLR职责范围过度宽泛,应赋予央行制定和校正监管机制的话语权,并通过开展压力测试、加强流动性监管和建立有效处置机制等降低LLR救助风险;
七是履行LLR职责需要财政兜底,当机构陷入明显的偿付危机时,应由财政履行危机管理责任;
八是当一国金融市场出现外币流动性紧张或陷入货币危机、债务危机时,需要国际最后贷款人(International Lender of Last Resort,ILLR)提供流动性支持。
*本文为中国金融四十人论坛(CF40)特邀成员、中国人民银行金融稳定局局长孙天琦在4月24日举行的2021·金融四十人年会上的发言主要提纲,转载请注明出处。
关于最后贷款人机制的研究
(一)信贷方式和货币方式
(二)关于央行充当最后做市商的争论
(三)救助期限
1.LLR在实践中的救助期限突破了传统理论强调的“短期性”。
(一)合格抵押品和惩罚性利率
(二)“建设性模糊”原则
(三)强化监管干预是LLR救助的必要前提
(一)救助标准
(二)LLR救助非银行金融机构和非金融部门
(三)对LLR救助非银行金融机构和非金融部门的质疑
(一)LLR救助对于金融市场的影响
(二)LLR救助对于金融机构的影响具有两面性
(三)LLR自身的成本收益分析
(一)明确LLR治理框架,赋予LLR监管职责
(二)LLR与财政的损失分担
(三)LLR职能与金融安全网其他要素的关系
(一)全球型ILLR
(二)区域型ILLR
(三)国家型ILLR
注释 向上滑动
1.美国《联邦储备法》第13条(3)款原本规定,在异常和紧急情况下,美联储可以向任何个人、合伙企业或公司提供紧急贷款救助(In unusual and exigent circumstances, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, …… may authorize any Federal Reserve bank,……to discount for any individual, partnership, or corporation)。2010年,美国《多德-弗兰克法案》对第13条(3)款进行修订,将紧急救助对象从“个人、合伙企业或公司”改为“任何计划或信用工具的广泛合格参与人(any participant in any program or facility with broad-based eligibility)”,并附加约束条件,要求任何紧急贷款项目或便利的目标都是向金融系统提供流动性,而非救助一家面临倒闭的金融公司(any emergency lending program or facility is for the purpose of providing liquidity to the financial system, and not to aid a failing financial company)。2.常备多边借款安排(New Arrangements to Borrow,NABs)设立于1997年,是IMF与部分成员国签订的借款安排,需每五年续约一次,如有需要,这些成员国随时准备向IMF提供资金。3.双边借款安排(Bilateral Borrowing Agreements,BBAs)设立于国际金融危机期间,是IMF与成员国签订的双边借款协议,期限为三年,可续期一年。4.欧洲稳定机制(European Stability Mechanism,ESM)是为应对欧洲债务危机,于2012年由欧元区国家财政出资设立的永久性救助机制,可贷资金规模5000亿欧元,当前实际可贷资金4100亿欧元。5.清迈倡议(Chiang Mai Initiative, CMI)是东盟十国与中、日、韩“10+3”财长于2000年在泰国清迈签订的东盟内部之间和东盟与中、日、韩三国之间的双边货币互换机制。2010年,CMI升级为清迈倡议多边机制(Chiang Mai Initiative Multilateralisation, CMIM),东盟与中、日、韩三国之间建立多边货币互换机制。截至2014年,CMIM累积外汇储备金额2400亿美元。6.金砖国家应急储备安排(BRICS Contingent Reserve Agreement, CRA)是金砖五国为应对美联储退出量化宽松预期强化带来的美元回流和外汇危机,于2013年以各自外汇储备出资1000亿美元设立的应急储备基金,是主要新兴市场经济体之间的货币合作机制。7.多边开发银行并非专门的区域性危机救助安排,但此类机构通过对陷入危机的成员国实施救助,有助于实现其促进经济社会可持续发展的职能。2008年全球金融危机期间,G20曾经敦促多边开发银行在风险承受范围内为危机国提供逆周期信贷,以弥补IMF的资源有限性问题。参考文献 向上滑动
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