来源：纯科学（ID：chunkexue）
作者：汪涛
中国人是靠拼命埋头苦干、追赶世界科技巨头而崛起。但当中国人以为快要追上国际先进水平，并沾沾自喜地看着身后被甩到越来越远的印度人时，却突然匪夷所思地发现：
被中国追赶的世界科技巨头一个个地被印度人直接“接管”了——印度人成了这些国际科技巨头的CEO（首席执行官）和其他高管。
“印度管理”会成为超越中国的秘密武器吗？
我在网上写了很多关于印度的文章，文中结论都依据我在印度长达15年的亲身商业经历，和近3 年长驻印度搜集到的第一手资料而得出。仅从不可思议的“印度价格”和“印度时间”来看，印度几乎不可能与中国相竞争。对此，我个人也确实是越来越释怀。
但是，另外一个因素却使我越来越忧虑，这就是更加不可思议的“印度管理”。
如果说，在制造业和工作效率上，中国已经甩出印度十万八千里，那么在管理能力上，印度人则已经甩出中国人二十一万六千里。
如果印度有机会超越中国，机会点就在管理能力上。之所以会如此，不仅因为此事本身重大，更因为中国人至今还完全意识不到会输在哪里。
真正的危险并不是来自任何现实的危机，而是来自根本就意识不到的挑战。
印裔国际CEO的数量已多到不可思议
谷歌公司CEO桑达尔·皮查伊（Sundar Pichai）
微软公司CEO萨蒂亚·纳德拉（Satya Nadella)
美国500强的印度裔面孔
美国的全球500强企业中，外籍CEO有75位，其中10位是印度裔。英国裔（籍）9位。另有来自包括加拿大、澳大利亚、巴西、土耳其等在内的其他国家的人士担任CEO。
中国香港裔（籍）和中国台湾裔（籍）分别有1位，但中国大陆人却榜上无名。
关键问题是：除了谷歌与微软，摩托罗拉、百事可乐、诺基亚、软银、Adobe、SanDisk、联合利华、万事达卡、标准普尔......这些在中国人心目中轰雷贯耳的国际巨头，其CEO级别的高管位置居然都被印度人拿下！全球最大的电信运营商沃达丰集团前首席执行官阿伦·萨林(Arun Sarin)也是印度人。
我曾拜访过美国最大的有线电视运营商Comcast的首席采购官，他也是印度人。我在硅谷见过很多投资的标的公司，见面后发现印度人是创始人的比例多到让我快要发疯的程度。
如果仅仅某些知名公司的CEO是印度人，可能还不足以让人感受到不可思议和震惊已经达到什么程度。谷歌董事会的13位高层领导中，居然有4位是印度裔。
早在2005年发布的一份研究报告就显示，硅谷三分之一的工程师是印度裔，高科技公司里7%的CEO也都来自印度，中高层管理者中印度人的比例更高。今天的比例更是比10年前高得多。
除了企业高管，越来越多的印度人也开始担任欧美知名商学院的院长。在中国人心目中，美国的哈佛大学商学院是一个只要子女能进去学习就算光宗耀祖的常青藤学校，2010年7月上任至今的该学院第10任院长尼廷·罗利亚（Nitin Nohria）是印度裔，他也是哈佛大学102年历史上的首位外裔院长。
这让中国人情何以堪？芝加哥大学布斯商学院院长苏尼尔·库马尔，印度人。前美国西北大学凯洛格商学院院长、2011年5月至2013年3月出任欧洲工商管理学院（INSEAD）院长的迪帕克·詹恩也是印度人。
相比之下，中国人在美国高科技企业中的能获得管理岗位的不仅凤毛麟角，而且还在全线溃退。能去美国的很多都是从中国顶尖学府（清华、北大、中科大等等211、985名校）毕业的高才生，最终在美国却只能当纯打工角色的工程师、架构师。原来硅谷被称为IC的天下，I指Indian，C指Chinese。
但现在，硅谷的别名已经叫“印度谷”了。
让我快要发疯的并不是中国与印度之间在管理发展上如此巨大的差距，而是直到现在，整个华人群体根本就不知道自己输在哪里。
华人社会对此问题做出的总结更是荒唐到不可思议的地步，如同我们感觉印度人时间观念差到不可思议的程度一样：
......
道理其实再简单不过了：如果你跑步跑不过对手，就是跑步的能力不如对手；打球打不过对手，就是打球的能力不如对手；踢足球踢不过对手，就是足球能力不如对手......扯那么多根本没直接关系的东西干嘛？
做管理做不过印度人，原因就是中国人自己管理能力差，用得着绕那么多弯子去找借口吗？
印度的管理能力是怎么来的？
我担任中兴印度公司CEO期间，招聘过大量印度本地员工。最初我发现一个有趣的现象：印度本地员工的简历中，在教育经历方面，他们无论技术专业是什么，都同时还有一个MBA学历。
刚开始我以为，是人力资源部门初选完了以后，把双学位的优秀人才留了下来，所以不一样。但当我发现一个又一个简历全都有MBA学历时，感觉这里面一定有文章。于是我让人力资源部门把所有只要收到的简历全都拿给我看一下。前后检查了有上千份简历之后，我惊呆了：几乎找不到一份没有MBA学历的简历！
怎么会是这样？于是我问本地资深员工：为什么每个高校的印度学生全都学习MBA呢？他们只告诉我，所有印度学生都是这样。大多数人根本说不清原因是什么——已经完全习惯成自然了。
如果哪个学生不学MBA，在印度才会让人感觉难以理解，如同在中国上学居然不学中文一样不可思议。MBA已经是印度所有大学生的必修课程。只有一个比较老的本地员工告诉了我印度独立后如何发展管理学院，尤其是印度管理学院的历史。
印度1947年独立后，马上就把发展管理能力作为印度振兴的一项重要内容。
印度是一个太多民族、宗教和语言混杂的国家，管理问题的难度也的确远远比其他国家大得多。1959年，印度计划委员会聘请加州大学教授乔治·罗宾斯（George Robbins），协助成立全印管理研究机构。
根据罗宾斯教授的提议，1961年，印度政府先后建立了两所精英教育学院，分别位于加尔各答和艾哈迈德巴德，统一名称为印度管理学院（IIM），以不同地名的后缀来区别。此后在各个不同城市新设的印度管理学院分院越来越多，到现在已经发展到20个分院。
印度不仅专业的管理学院长期持续发展，而且将MBA课程普及到了所有高校的所有专业学生中去了。在印度所有高校毕业生中，学习MBA也成了一个默认的必须选项。
当听到萨蒂亚·纳德拉任微软CEO时，我马上认定他一定也是学过MBA的。到网上查他的经历，果不其然，他在印度的班加罗尔大学获得电子和通信专业的工程学士学位，随后前往美国，在威斯康辛大学密尔沃基分校（UW-Milwaukee）攻读计算机硕士，再后来在芝加哥大学MBA毕业。只要你发现任何印度人担任了美国知名公司的CEO或CTO（首席技术官）等，你去查他的学历，基本上可以肯定100%是有MBA学历的。
几乎所有中国孩子在学校都打乒乓球，所以你就知道，为什么世界乒乓球比赛最后的决赛基本就没其他国家什么事儿了。在国际赛事上拿了世界乒乓球冠军的中国选手，如果马上回国来参加一个全国性的乒乓球大赛，被打到10名甚至20名以外，也不是什么奇怪的事情。
中国也有MBA教育，但主要是两类：
一类是“成功人士”花几十万元才能参加的MBA或EMBA班。在这种MBA班里，真能学到什么知识技能不知道，但能知道的是可以认识到什么人，形成什么圈子，幸运的话还能泡个明星什么的；
另一类是高考后直接进入工商管理类专业学习的本科学生。由此就该清楚，为什么中国人在管理能力上被印度人打到这么惨痛的地步了。
为什么印度人的管理能力独步全球？
美国、欧洲以及其他国家包括中国都有MBA教育，为什么印度的MBA会这么厉害？重大的区别在于：在其他国家包括中国，管理或商科的专业学生从一进高校就学商科，更高学历也是商科。这会导致一个严重问题：就是不太懂各个行业的专业技术。
但是，印度的MBA却是所有学科专业学生的必修课，这使印度的MBA具有其他所有国家难以比拟的巨大优势：专业和管理全都懂。道理非常简单，当一个学生即懂专业又懂MBA时，即使做一个普通研发者，也有巨大的优势，做管理者更是如此。仅以沟通能力为例来说明一下。
印度人管理上强于他人的肯定不只是英语的语言能力，更是强大的沟通能力。切不可简单认为印度人只是“能说会道”，“沟通能力”与“语言能力”看似很接近，事实上却有巨大的区别。中国企业在进行管理培训时也会讲沟通。他们是怎么讲的呢？
从技巧上说，沟通有一个很重要的方面是要善于倾听。那如何倾听呢？管理培训老师会给你写一个繁体字的“聽”。看看，我们老祖宗是多么聪明，左边一个耳下面一个王字。就是说要以听为王。右边十个目一个心，就是讲倾听时眼睛要看着对方，一心一意地听讲。而现在简体字的“听”怎么写得呢？左边是“口”，右边是“斤”，就是先让你开口说话，看看你有多少“斤两”，然后再想用什么办法收拾你。中国企业里的员工听完后都觉得：啊，讲得真好。
可是，道理很简单：在现代社会，如果你不懂技术和专业，再会听，就算二十个目一个心，你能听得懂吗？这类用繁体字去攻击简体字，是典型的来自台湾地区管理体系培训的变种。很可惜，现在内地大量流行的企业管理培训，台湾是一个最重要的来源地之一。
这种算命式的拆字、附会式的解说，怎么能让我们理解现代管理真正的奥义？本来只用一个人两只眼睛，一定要找来五个人十只眼才能沟通吗？这种沟通的成本和效率会最优吗？知道人家犹太人一个人过来，为什么中国企业需要五个人才能应对？因为别人一个人可以把所有问题全解决了，而中国企业五个不同专业的人过来，也未必能把所有相关问题都覆盖。
犹太人同样是专业和管理能力都超强的民族。因为缺乏真正科学专业的管理培训，大量以佛、道、中华传统文化甚至易经、算命、成功学为装点门面的所谓企业培训充斥于中国内地市场。
我第一次出国是去南美。在秘鲁首都利马与国际电信巨头西班牙电信公司（Telefónica）的人开会，讨论我当时负责的传输产品测试问题。我当时刚开始做国际业务不久，英语能力基本全还给老师了。交流中只能偶而听懂几个单词，但有一个最关键的词我听懂了：“not official”，非正式的。
结合与当地销售人员的交流，我明白了国际电信企业短名单招标制度与中国项目招标制度的巨大差异，由此写下十多万字的考察报告，成为奠定中兴国际市场走向正规的历史性文献。
当时我们搞不清楚，短名单制度只在一个新技术出现时才会进行，一旦短名单确定，以后就没有招标机会了，只是向进入短名单的企业发PO（订单确认文件），大门就算彻底关上了。
在这种招标制度下，不是你靠模仿改进降低成本就能打进这样的市场的。即使你付出艰难努力，让对方把你的产品拿来测试一下，那也只是玩一下而已，是“非正式”的，没有任何实际的商业价值。
做国际市场那么多年，为什么要等我亲自过去，才能理解相应问题，并得到清楚的解释呢？原来那些国际市场开拓人员语言能力都很好，但因专业能力不足，而严重缺乏沟通能力。
中兴在开拓国际市场初期，因为不懂英文，从外国语学院招聘了几千名纯粹学语言的学生。但几年之后，这些人基本都离开中兴了，只有极少数努力学习技术知识的人留下。
最荒唐的案例之一是，中兴花费了很大代价联系到与一个国家通讯部长见面的机会，见面后部长问：你们公司是做什么的，我们可以有什么合作的机会？但中兴这些纯粹学语言的人什么都答不上来。
我在中兴参加过一次国际市场人员的招聘。有一位国内著名外国语学院毕业的学生，专业是英国文学，而且过了英文专业八级。他的英语能力流利到可以顺畅地讨论巴尔扎克文学作品的程度。但是，他不仅对通信专业一窍不通，而且没有任何工科知识背景，中学学过的物理化学也全还给老师了。
精通英国文学这绝对不是坏事，甚至在某些情况下有可能成为市场突破的利器。但很难相信，这样的人进来后，主要靠与客户讨论巴尔扎克作品，就能拿下卖出通信设备的合同吗？这名学生让人感觉非常鸡肋。
中国人在管理上输给印度人，是因为语言能力差吗？如果你听过中国外语学院毕业学生的语言交流就知道，这种说法纯属瞎扯。只要中国学生清楚该学什么，他们会把任何知识包括语言，都学到最极致的程度，但关键问题在于，他们不知道该学什么才能与印度的管理能力相抗衡。对“现代社会需要复合型人才”的呼吁，在中国学术界和教育界早就存在了，但问题在于如何复合？直到今天，包括呼吁的专家自己也没真正明白。
中国搞外交的人外语都很好，但似乎也欠缺专业知识背景，这同样造成一些问题。
印度人的管理能力并不是在长期历史中自然形成的，而就是印度独立后人为培养的结果。
对沟通来说最重要的不是倾听，而是倾听以后能“理解”。并且听和理解只是沟通能力的一个方面，更难的方面是表达。这更不是只要具备语言能力就足够的。
中国人都懂中文，但有几个人善于用中文表达的？你都不理解自己的产品和技术，怎么能把产品的优点表达出来呢？要想表达清楚这些，不仅要理解具体的专业技术，而且要善于比较技术的概念原理，另外还要对市场、客户需求、行业发展等都具有深刻的理解和把握。
169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 别留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，没人替你坚强。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你没有梦想，那么你只能为别人的梦想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. 只要你给自己机会，你会发现你的世界可以很美丽。173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. 赢与输的差别通常是--不放弃。(华特·迪士尼) 174. I am ordinary yet unique. 我很平凡，但我独一无二。175. I like people who make me laugh in spite of myself. 我喜欢那些让我笑起来的人，就算是我不想笑的时候。176. Image a new story for your life and start living it. 为你的生命想一个全新剧本，并去倾情出演吧！177. I'd rather be a happy fool than a sad sage. 做个悲伤的智者，不如做个开心的傻子。178. The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. 未来属于那些相信梦想之美的人。(埃莉诺·罗斯福) 179. Even if you get no applause, you should accept a curtain call gracefully and appreciate your own efforts. 即使没有人为你鼓掌，也要优雅的谢幕，感谢自己的认真付出。180. Don't let dream just be your dream. 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，见的世面多了，你会发现原来在意的那些结根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧，管它会怎样。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好计划胜过明天的完美计划。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能。”(奥黛丽·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 无论多么艰难，都要继续前进，因为只有你放弃的那一刻，你才输了。 When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student 仅次于木星和土星。天王星的大气层中83%是氢，15%为氦，2%为甲烷以及少量的乙炔和碳氢化合物。上层大气层的甲烷吸收红光，使天王星呈现蓝绿色。大气在固定纬度集结成云层，类似于木星和土星在纬线上鲜艳的条状色带。天王星云层的平均温度为零下193摄氏度。质量为8.6810±13×10²⁵kg，相当于地球质量的14.63倍。密度较小，只有1.24克/立方厘米，为海王星密度值的74.7%。[54] 恒星 恒星 海王星是离太阳的第八颗行星，直径49532千米。海王星绕太阳运转的轨道半径为45亿千米，公转一周需要165年。海王星的直径和天王星类似，质量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大气成分都是氢和氦，内部结构也极为相近，所以说海王星与天王星是一对孪生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太阳系最强烈的风，测量到的时速高达2100公里。海王星云顶的温度是－218 °C，是太阳系最冷的地区之一。海王星核心的温度约为7000 °C，可以和太阳的表面比较。海王星在1846年9月23日被发现，是唯一利用数学预测而非有计划的观测发现的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯带内侧，是柯伊伯带中已知的最大天体。[57] 直径约为2370±20km，是地球直径的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，国际天文学联合会大会24日投票决定，不再将传统九大行星之一的冥王星视为行星，而将其列入“矮行星”。大会通过的决议规定，“行星”指的是围绕太阳运转、自身引力足以克服其刚体力而使天体呈圆球状、能够清除其轨道附近其他物体的天体。在太阳系传统的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合这些要求。冥王星由于其轨道与海王星的轨道相交，不符合新的行星定义，因此被自动降级为“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面温度大概在-238到-228℃之间。冥王星的成份由70%岩石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆盖着一些固体氮以及少量 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 [60] 的固体甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有机物质或是由宇宙射线引发的光化学反应。冥王星的大气层主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷组成。大气极其稀薄，地面压强只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是离太阳第三颗行星，是我们人类的家乡，尽管地球是太阳系中一颗普通的行星，但它在许多方面都是独一无二的。比如，它是太阳系中唯一一颗面积大部分被水覆盖的行星，也是目前所知唯一一颗有生命存在的星球。质量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面温度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英国科研人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，如果没有小行星撞击等可能剧烈改变环境的事件发生，地球适宜人类居住的时间还剩约17.5亿年，不过人为造成的气候变化可能缩短这一时间。[63] 彗星是由灰尘和冰块组成的太阳系中的一类小天体，绕日运动。[64] 科学家使用探测器对彗星的化学遗留物进行分析，发现其主要成份为氨、甲烷、硫化氢、氰化氢和甲醛。科学家得出结论称，彗星的气味闻起来像是臭鸡蛋、马尿、酒精和苦杏仁的气味综合。[65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这学说，在原有的轨道（或称小天体轨道）上又增加了更多的天体运行轨道。这一模式称每颗行星都沿着一个小轨道作圆周运行，而小轨道又沿着该行星的大轨道绕地球作圆周运动。几百年之后，这一模式的漏洞越来越明显。科学家们又在这个模式上增加了许多轨道，行星就这样沿着一道又一道的轨道作圆周运动。哥白尼想用“现代”（16世纪的）技术来改进托勒密的测量结果，以期取消一些小轨道。在长达近20年的时间里，哥白尼不辞辛劳日夜测量行星的位置，但其测量获得的结果仍然与托勒密的天体运行模式没有多少差别。哥白尼想知道在另一个运行着的行星上观察这些行星的运行情况会是什么样的。基于这种设想，哥白尼萌发了一个念头：假如地球在运行中，那么这些行星的运行看上去会是什么情况呢？这一设想在他脑海里变得清晰起来了。一年里，哥白尼在不同的时间、不同的距离从地球上观察行星，每一个行星的情况都不相同，这是他意识到地球不可能位于星星轨道的中心。经过20年的观测，哥白尼发现唯独太阳的周年变化不明显。这意味着地球和太阳的距离始终没有改变。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那么宇宙的中心就是太阳。的发现才使牛顿有能力确定运动定律和万有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙体系既然是时代的产物，它就不能不受到时代的限制。反对神学的不彻底性，同时表现在哥白尼的某些观点上，他的体系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一个小的范围内的，具体来说，他的宇宙结构就是今天我们所熟知的太阳系，即以太阳为中心的天体系统。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必须有它的边界，哥白尼虽然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他却保留了一层恒星天，尽管他回避了宇宙是否有限这个问题，但实际上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外壳”，他仍然相信天体只能按照所谓完美的圆形轨道运动，所以哥白尼的宇宙体系，仍然包含着不动的中心天体。但是作为近代自然科学的奠基人，哥白尼的历史功绩是伟大的。确认地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，从而掀起了一场天文学上根本性的革命，是人类探求客观真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的伟大成就，不仅铺平了通向近代天文学的道路，而且开创了整个自然界科学向前迈进的新时代。从哥白尼时代起，脱离教会束缚的自然科学和哲学开始获得飞跃的发展。哥白尼的科学成就，是他所处时代的产物，又转过来推动了时代的发展。顺应时代变化 十五、六世纪的欧洲，正是从封建社会向资本主义社会转变的关键时期，在这一二百年间，社会发生了巨大的变化。14世纪ndali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，见的世面多了，你会发现原来在意的那些结根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧，管它会怎样。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three y的甲烷吸收红光，使天王星呈现蓝绿色。大气在固定纬度集结成云层，类似于木星和土星在纬线上鲜艳的条状色带。天王星云层的平均温度为零下193摄氏度。质量为8.6810±13×10²⁵kg，相当于地球质量的14.63倍。密度较小，只有1.24克/立方厘米，为海王星密度值的74.7%。[54] 恒星 恒星 海王星是离太阳的第八颗行星，直径49532千米。海王星绕太阳运转的轨道半径为45亿千米，公转一周需要165年。海王星的直径和天王星类似，质量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大气成分都是氢和氦，内部结构也极为相近，所以说海王星与天王星是一对孪生兄弟。[55] 海王星有太阳系最强烈的风，测量到的时速高达2100公里。海王星云顶的温度是－218 °C，是太阳系最冷的地区之一。海王星核心的温度约为7000 °C，可以和太阳的表面比较。海王星在1846年9月23日被发现，是唯一利用数学预测而非有计划的观测发现的行星。[56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯带内侧，是柯伊伯带中已知的最大天体。[57] 直径约为2370±20km，是地球直径的18.5%。[58] 2006年8月24日，国际天文学联合会大会24日投票决定，不再将传统九大行星之一的冥王星视为行星，而将其列入“矮行星”。大会通过的决议规定，“行星”指的是围绕太阳运转、自身引力足以克服其刚体力而使天体呈圆球状、能够清除其轨道附近其他物体的天体。在太阳系传统的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合这些要求。冥王星由于其轨道与海王星的轨道相交，不符合新的行星定义，因此被自动降级为“矮行星”。[59] 冥王星的表面温度大概在-238到-228℃之间。冥王星的成份由70%岩石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆盖着一些固体氮以及少量 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 [60] 的固体甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有机物质或是由宇宙射线引发的光化学反应。冥王星的大气层主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷组成。大气极其稀薄，地面压强只有少量微帕。[61] 地球是离太阳第三颗行星，是我们人类的家乡，尽管地球是太阳系中一颗普通的行星，但它在许多方面都是独一无二的。比如，它是太阳系中唯一一颗面积大部分被水覆盖的行星，也是目前所知唯一一颗有生命存在的星球。质量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面温度：t = - 30 ～ +45。[62] 英国科研人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，如果没有小行星撞击等可能剧烈改变环境的事件发生，地球适宜人类居住的时间还剩约17.5亿年，不过人为造成的气候变化可能缩短这一时间。[63] 彗星是由灰尘和冰块组成的太阳系中的一类小天体，绕日运动。[64] 科学家使用探测器对彗星的化学遗留物进行分析，发现其主要成份为氨、甲烷、硫化氢、氰化氢和甲醛。科学家得出结论称，彗星的气味闻起来像是臭鸡蛋、马尿、酒精和苦杏仁的气味综合。[65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这学说，在原有的轨道（或称小天体轨道）上又增加了更多的天体运行轨道。这一模式称每颗行星都沿着一个小轨道作圆周运行，而小轨道又沿着该行星的大轨道绕地球作圆周运动。几百年之后，这一模式的漏洞越来越明显。科学家们又在这个模式上增加了许多轨道，行星就这样沿着一道又一道的轨道作圆周运动。哥白尼想用“现代”（16世纪的）技术来改进托勒密的测量结果，以期取消一些小轨道。在长达近20年的时间里，哥白尼不辞辛劳日夜测量行星的位置，但其测量获得的结果仍然与托勒密的天体运行模式没有多少差别。哥白尼想知道在另一个运行着的行星上观察这些行星的运行情况会是什么样的。基于这种设想，哥白尼萌发了一个念头：假如地球在运行中，那么这些行星的运行看上去会是什么情况呢？这一设想在他脑海里变得清晰起来了。一年里，哥白尼在不同的时间、不同的距离从地球上观察行星，每一个行星的情况都不相同，这是他意识到地球不可能位于星星轨道的中心。经过20年的观测，哥白尼发现唯独太阳的周年变化不明显。这意味着地球和太阳的距离始终没有改变。如果地球不是宇宙的中心，那么宇宙的中心就是太阳。的发现才使牛顿有能力确定运动定律和万有引力定律。哥白尼的日心宇宙体系既然是时代的产物，它就不能不受到时代的限制。反对神学的不彻底性，同时表现在哥白尼的某些观点上，他的体系是存在缺陷的。哥白尼所指的宇宙是局限在一个小的范围内的，具体来说，他的宇宙结构就是今天我们所熟知的太阳系，即以太阳为中心的天体系统。宇宙既然有它的中心，就必须有它的边界，哥白尼虽然否定了托勒玫的“九重天”，但他却保留了一层恒星天，尽管他回避了宇宙是否有限这个问题，但实际上他是相信恒星天球是宇宙的“外壳”，他仍然相信天体只能按照所谓完美的圆形轨道运动，所以哥白尼的宇宙体系，仍然包含着不动的中心天体。但是作为近代自然科学的奠基人，哥白尼的历史功绩是伟大的。确认地球不是宇宙的中心，而是行星之一，从而掀起了一场天文学上根本性的革命，是人类探求客观真理道路上的里程碑。哥白尼的伟大成就，不仅铺平了通向近代天文学的道路，而且开创了整个自然界科学向前迈进的新时代。从哥白尼时代起，脱离教会束缚的自然科学和哲学开始获得飞跃的发展。哥白尼的科学成就，是他所处时代的产物，又转过来推动了时代的发展。顺应时代变化 十五、六世纪的欧洲，正是从封建社会向资本主义社会转变的关键时期，在这一二百年间，社会发生了巨大的变化。14世纪以前的欧洲，到处是四分五裂的小城邦。后来，随着城市工商业的兴起，特别是采矿和冶金业的发展，涌现了许多新兴的大城市，小城邦有了联合起来组成国家的趋势。到 15世纪末叶，在许多国家里都出现了基本上是中央集权的君主政体。当时的波兰不仅有像克拉科夫、波兹南这样的大城市，也有许多手工业兴盛的城市。1526年归并于波兰的华沙已成为一个重要的商业、政治、文化和地理的中心，在16世纪末成了波兰国家的首都。与这种政治经济变革相适应，文化、科学上也开始有所反映。当时，欧洲是“政教合一”，罗马教廷控制了许多国家，圣经被宣布为至高无上的真理，凡是违背圣经的学说，都被斥为“异端邪说”，凡是反对神权统治的人，都被处以火刑。新兴的资产阶级为自己的生存和发展，掀起了一场反对封建制度和教会迷信思想的斗争，出现了人文主义的思潮。他们使用的战斗武器，就是未被神学染污的古希腊的哲学、科学和文艺。这就是震撼欧洲的文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴首先发生于意大利，很快就扩大到波兰及欧洲其他国家。与此同时，商业的活跃也促进了对外贸易的发展。在“黄金”这个符咒的驱使下，许多欧洲冒险者远航非洲、印度及整个远东地区。远洋航行需要丰富的天文和地理知识，从实际中积累起来的观测资料，使人们感到当时流行的“地静天动”的宇宙学说值得怀疑，这就要求人们进一步去探索宇宙的秘密，从而推进了天文学和地理学的发展。1492年，意大利著名的航海家哥伦布发现新大陆，麦哲伦和他的同伴绕地球一周，证明地球是圆形的，使人们开始真正认识地球。[4] 对他国的影响 在教会严密控制下的中世纪，也发生过轰轰烈烈的宗教革命。因为天主教的很多教义不符合圣经的教诲，而加入了太多教皇的个人意志以及各类神学家的自身成果，所以很多信徒开始质疑天主教的教义和组织，发起回归圣经的行动来。捷克的爱国主义者、布拉格大学校长扬·胡斯（1369～1415年）在君士坦丁堡的宗教会议上公开谴责德意志封建主与天主教会对捷克的压迫和剥削。他ears later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必须十分努力，才能看起来毫不费力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像骑单车，只有不断前进，才能保持平衡。(爱因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 拥有一颗感恩的心，最终你会得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一种内心的感觉，并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亚·罗兰) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是让你快乐加倍，痛苦减半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 当你真心渴望某样东西时，整个宇宙都会来帮忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years
印度人管理能力的强大并没有在印度国内充分体现出来，因为太多需要管理的印度人仍是没有经过现代科学和管理培训的底层劳工。但是，当具备超凡脱俗才干的印度管理人才到了国外，这种能力有了其他国家高素质员工的支持，他们就会一飞冲天。
美国人提出的概念“中美国”（Chimerica）并未被中国所接受，可是，通过印度人的管理在未来自然形成的“美印度”AI（America India），加上人工智能（AI），会使制造业彻底摆脱对普通劳动力的依赖，却可能带来完全不同的格局。仅仅一个印度不会成为中国的威胁，但如果中国未来面对的是AI AI（美印度 人工智能），那情况就完全不同了。 本文作者：汪涛，独立学者，天使投资人，多家孵化器创业导师。曾为中兴通讯国际市场管理体系的奠基者，现为北京数码视讯科技股份有限公司国际投资总裁。