什么时候优秀女性能逃过此类问题
今天，新华社记者对话中国首位女航天员刘洋的视频在微博上引发热议。
1.「亲子假，育儿假；丧假；陪产假，产假」怎么表达？
2. breadwinner是什么意思？
3. 「弹性工作制」怎么表达？
无注释原文：
Why do women still have to choose between careers and families?
From: The Guardian
2 Dec 2012
At the start of this year, David Cameron said: "The drive for more women in business is not simply about equal opportunity, it's about effectiveness." The evidence is that there is a positive link between women in leadership and business performance. Now, with targets of achieving at least 25% female representation on FTSE 100 boards by 2015, it's still a pressing issue.
Research we conducted last month with 2,000 mums across the country highlighted the obstacles women face when coming back to work after having a baby.
There were two worrying statistics from the report. The first one revealed that on average, mums were earning £9,419 less per year than before their child was born. The second statistic highlighted that 70% of the mums surveyed said they are now in jobs that they feel over-qualified for and which before they fell pregnant would have felt "below them".
Recently, Nick Clegg announced that parental leave would become flexible for both parents. It's a clear message that more women need to feel they can be ambitious – and potentially have it all. This is a major step in the right direction to change mindsets, although it will take time for organisations to implement more flexible working and for it to become embedded into working life.
The reality is that we are all set to work for longer. For many, there can't only be one bread winner – both parents want and have to work – and they both deserve careers with progression.
As a society we have to accept that employees start families. We need to support them, especially if they have real potential to reach the top and we've invested in their training and development. We have witnessed first-hand the benefits of nurturing high performing staff regardless of whether they are a new mum.
It's important to remember that in every employee's working life there may be times when they need to work in a more flexible way - this could be anything from raising a child to compassionate leave. It isn't just new mothers that benefit from working differently.
In further research we undertook, 65% of women between the ages of 18 and 44 years old said that they could achieve more in the workplace but struggle to find a job that fits around their needs. It is clear that mums still have the ambition for career development and growth but they need their options to be widened.
The advancements in digital technology have meant that working a full week flexibly to fit around family life is a reality. No longer are people bound to the office desk or standard office hours. With the cost of childcare being one of the highest in Europe, organisations have to be more understanding and adaptable if they want strong retention rates and to ensure career growth from within.
In Norway the shared responsibilities of parental care after a baby is born sees dads actively taking three months paternity leave. 40% of women sit on directorate boards in Norway, and although this is enforced through quotas, there does seem to be a general acceptance that both parents can have careers that fit around young family life.
We need to ensure women feel confident that they can do both – be mums and career women. Women bring other skillsets to the table, such as fantastic time management and multitasking skills from having not one job, but two.
Mentoring programmes, flexible working, better communication and adaptable approaches to new ways of working have to be supported and implemented from the top. They help reduce barriers to create a more level playing field for women in the workplace.
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注：中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Why do women still have to choose between careers and families?
From: The Guardian
2 Dec 2012
At the start of this year, David Cameron said: "The drive for more women in business is not simply about equal opportunity, it's about effectiveness." The evidence is that there is a positive link between women in leadership and business performance. Now, with targets of achieving at least 25% female representation on FTSE 100 boards by 2015, it's still a pressing issue.
今年年初，戴维·卡梅伦（David Cameron）说：“推动更多女性进入商界不仅仅是为了机会平等，更是为了效率。”有证据表明，女性在领导力和企业绩效之间存在正相关性。现在，富时100指数企业董事会的目标是到2015年女性代表至少占25%，这仍然是一个紧迫的问题。
board
威尔·史密斯被禁止出席奥斯卡活动十年文中提到，board作名词，表示“董事会；理事会；委员会”，英文解释为“the group of people who are responsible for controlling and organizing a company or organization”举个🌰：
Every decision has to be approved by the board (of directors). 每项决定都必须由董事会通过。
board作动词，表示“（使）上（船、火车或飞机）”，英文解释为“to get onto or allow people to get onto a boat, train, or aircraft”举个🌰：
At the airport she boarded a plane to Hangzhou. 在机场她登上了去杭州的飞机。
pressing
pressing /ˈpres.ɪŋ/ 表示“紧迫的，迫切的”，英文解释为“urgent or needing to be dealt with immediately”如：a pressing need for housing 对住房的迫切需求，a pressing issue 紧迫的问题。
Research we conducted last month with 2,000 mums across the country highlighted the obstacles women face when coming back to work after having a baby.
我们上个月对全国2000名母亲进行的研究强调了女性在生完孩子后重返工作岗位时面临的障碍。
highlight
作动词，表示“使引起注意，强调”，英文解释为“to attract attention to or emphasize something important”举个🌰：
The report highlights the need for improved safety. 那份报告强调了加大安全力度的重要性。
作名词，表示“最精彩的部分”，英文解释为“the best or most exciting, entertaining, or interesting part of something”举个🌰：
Highlights of the match will be shown after the news. 比赛的精彩部分将在新闻之后播出。
There were two worrying statistics from the report. The first one revealed that on average, mums were earning £9,419 less per year than before their child was born. The second statistic highlighted that 70% of the mums surveyed said they are now in jobs that they feel over-qualified for and which before they fell pregnant would have felt "below them".
报告中有两个令人担忧的统计数据。第一个数据显示，平均而言，妈妈们的年收入比孩子出生前少了9419英镑。第二个统计数据显示，70%的受访妈妈表示，她们现在从事的工作不具挑战性难以发挥自身能力，而在怀孕前会觉得“难以胜任”。
reveal
表示“揭露；泄露；透露”，英文解释为“to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secre”举个🌰：
He was jailed for revealing secrets to the Russians. 他因为向俄国人泄密而被监禁。
overqualified
overqualified /ˌəʊ.vəˈkwɒl.ɪ.faɪd/ 表示“（对某一工作而言）资历过高的，大材小用的”，英文解释为“having more knowledge, skill, and/or experience than is needed (for a particular job)”举个🌰：
The problem with employing people who are overqualified for the job is that they often don't stay in it for long. 雇用资历过高的人的问题是，他们通常不会在该职位上做很久。
Recently, Nick Clegg announced that parental leave would become flexible for both parents. It's a clear message that more women need to feel they can be ambitious – and potentially have it all. This is a major step in the right direction to change mindsets, although it will take time for organisations to implement more flexible working and for it to become embedded into working life.
最近，尼克·克莱格（Nick Clegg）宣布，父母双方的育儿假将变得灵活。这是一个明确的信息，即需要更多的女性感到自己可以有雄心壮志 - 并且有可能兼顾一切。这是朝着改变心态的正确方向迈出的重要一步，尽管组织机构实施弹性工作制并将其融入工作生涯还需要时间。
parental leave
parental leave /pəˌren.təl ˈliːv/ 表示“亲子假，育儿假”，英文解释为“time that a parent is allowed to spend away from work to take care of his or her baby”
mindset
embedded
embedded /ɪmˈbed.ɪd/ 1）表示“嵌入（或插入、埋入）…之中的”，英文解释为“fixed into the surface of something”举个🌰：
The thorn was embedded in her thumb. 刺扎进了她的大拇指。
2）表示“（感情、态度等）深切的；根深蒂固的；强烈感受到的”，英文解释为“If an emotion, opinion, etc. is embedded in someone or something, it is a very strong or important part of him, her, or it.”举个🌰：
A sense of guilt was deeply embedded in my conscience. 一种负罪感在我内心打下了深深的烙印。
working life
表示“（一生的）工作时间，工作生涯”，英文解释为“the part of a person's life when they do a job or are at work”举个🌰：
His entire working life was spent with the same firm. 他一生都在为同一家公司工作。
也可以表示“（一台机器的）工作寿命；工作年限”，英文解释为“the complete amount of time for which a machine can be expected to operate”举个🌰：
The working life of most vehicles can be increased if they are serviced regularly. 如果定期保养，大部分车辆的工作寿命都能延长。
The reality is that we are all set to work for longer. For many, there can't only be one bread winner – both parents want and have to work – and they both deserve careers with progression.
现实是，我们都准备工作更长时间。对许多人来说，不可能只有一个养家糊口的人——父母双方都希望也必须工作——并且他们都应该拥有具有发展前途的职业。
breadwinner
breadwinner /ˈbredˌwɪn.ər/ 表示“养家糊口的人”，英文解释为“the member of a family who earns the money that the family needs”
As a society we have to accept that employees start families. We need to support them, especially if they have real potential to reach the top and we've invested in their training and development. We have witnessed first-hand the benefits of nurturing high performing staff regardless of whether they are a new mum.
作为社会，我们必须接受员工组建家庭。我们需要支持他们，尤其是如果他们真有潜力达到顶峰并且我们对其培训和发展有了投入。我们亲眼目睹了培养高绩效员工的好处，不管他们是否是新手妈妈。
firsthand
表示“第一手地；直接地”，英文解释为“If you experience something firsthand, you experience it yourself.”举个🌰：
Most of the older reporters have experienced war firsthand. 大多数年长的记者都亲身经历过战争。
nurture
表示“促进；扶助；培养”，英文解释为“to help a plan or a person to develop and be successful”举个🌰：
As a record company executive, his job is to nurture young talent. 作为唱片公司主管，他的职责是培养有才华的年轻人。
It's important to remember that in every employee's working life there may be times when they need to work in a more flexible way - this could be anything from raising a child to compassionate leave. It isn't just new mothers that benefit from working differently.
重要的是要记住，在每个员工的职业生涯中，有时他们可能需要以更具弹性的方式工作——可能是照顾孩子或探亲假等原因。受益于不同工作方式的不仅仅是新手妈妈。
compassionate leave
compassionate leave /kəmˌpæʃ.ən.ət ˈliːv/ 表示“（由于亲属去世或患病而特准的）事假，丧假”，英文解释为“a period of time that a company allows you not to come to work because a member of your family has died or is ill”
In further research we undertook, 65% of women between the ages of 18 and 44 years old said that they could achieve more in the workplace but struggle to find a job that fits around their needs. It is clear that mums still have the ambition for career development and growth but they need their options to be widened.
在我们进行的后续研究中，65%的18至44岁女性表示，她们可以在工作场所取得更多成就，但很难找到适合自己需求的工作。很明显，妈妈们仍然有职业发展和成长的雄心，但她们需要扩大选择范围。
The advancements in digital technology have meant that working a full week flexibly to fit around family life is a reality. No longer are people bound to the office desk or standard office hours. With the cost of childcare being one of the highest in Europe, organisations have to be more understanding and adaptable if they want strong retention rates and to ensure career growth from within.
数字技术的进步意味着，为了适应家庭生活，每周弹性工作制已经成为现实。人们不再受制于办公桌或标准办公时间。由于幼托的成本是欧洲最高的之一，如果组织机构想要较高的员工保留率并帮助员工在职业上得到发展，就必须更加理解和适应。
bound
There are bound to be changes when the new system is introduced. 引进新系统后一定会发生变化。
4）表示“受束缚的，受约束的；（法律或道德上）有义务的”，英文解释为“having a moral or legal duty to do something”举个🌰：
The company is bound by a special agreement to involve the union in important decisions. 公司受一项特殊协定的约束，须请工会参与重大决策。
📍-bound后缀，还可以表示“受限于…的，不能离开…的”，英文解释为“(causing people to be) unable to leave a place because of an unwanted condition”举个🌰：
During his long illness he was completely housebound (= he could not leave the house). 久病期间，他只能一直呆在家里。
retention
表示“保留；保持；维持”，英文解释为“the continued use, existence, or possession of something or someone”如：water/heat retention 水分保持/热量滞留。
In Norway the shared responsibilities of parental care after a baby is born sees dads actively taking three months paternity leave. 40% of women sit on directorate boards in Norway, and although this is enforced through quotas, there does seem to be a general acceptance that both parents can have careers that fit around young family life.
在挪威，婴儿出生后，父母共同承担育儿责任，爸爸们主动休三个月的陪产假。在挪威，女性在董事会任职中占40%，尽管这是通过配额强制实行的，但似乎人们普遍认为，父母双方都可以拥有适应年轻家庭生活的职业。
paternity leave
paternity leave /pəˈtɜː.nɪ.ti ˌliːv/ 表示“陪产假（法律上允许父亲离开工作的一段时间，以便他可以照顾他的、新生的婴儿）”，英文解释为“a period of time that a father is legally allowed to be away from his job so that he can spend time with his new baby”
maternity leave表示“产假”，英文解释为“a period of paid absence from work, in Britain currently six months, to which a woman is legally entitled during the months immediately before and after childbirth”。
sit
熟词僻义，1）表示“参加考试”，英文解释为“to do an exam”举个🌰：
Candidates will sit the examinations in July. 考生将在七月参加考试。
🎬电影《阿里的婚礼》（Ali's Wedding）中的台词提到：My father makes me sit the exam.
2）表示“成为（官方组织的）成员；（在…中）任职”，英文解释为“to be a member of an official group”举个🌰：
I'm going to be sitting on the committee for one more year. 我将再任一年的委员会委员。
directorate
1）directorate /daɪˈrek.tər.ət/ 表示“董事会，理事会，指导委员会”，英文解释为“a group of directors”
2）表示“（负责特定事物的）专署，专门机构”，英文解释为“a department or organization that is responsible for one particular thing”如：the Norwegian fish and game directorate 挪威渔业与野生动物署。
quota
quota /ˈkwəʊtə/ 表示“定额；限额；配额”，英文解释为“an official limit on the number or amount of something that is allowed in a particular period”举个🌰：
The government has decided to scrap quotas on car imports. 政府决定取消汽车进口配额。
We need to ensure women feel confident that they can do both – be mums and career women. Women bring other skillsets to the table, such as fantastic time management and multitasking skills from having not one job, but two.
我们需要确保女性有信心可以同时成为母亲和职业女性。女性在工作中展现了其他综合技能，比如出色的时间管理和多任务处理能力，因为她们不只有一份工作，而是两份。
skillset
skillset = skill set /ˈskɪl ˌset/ 表示“综合技能，技能组合”，英文解释为“the range of things that someone is good at, especially things that are useful in a particular job”
bring sth to the table
Bring something to the table是一个英语习语，意思是为会议、讨论或合作等活动贡献有价值的意见、想法、技能、资源或经验。它通常用于描述参与者需要做出实际贡献，而不是只是被动地倾听别人的意见。这个习语也可以用于描述一项工作或任务需要具备某些必要的技能或特点才能成功完成。
Mentoring programmes, flexible working, better communication and adaptable approaches to new ways of working have to be supported and implemented from the top. They help reduce barriers to create a more level playing field for women in the workplace.
导师计划、弹性工作、更好的沟通以及针对新工作方式的适应方法必须从高层得到支持和实施。它们有助于减少障碍，为女性在工作场所创造一个更加公平的竞争环境。
flexible working
flexible working /ˌflek.sɪ.bəl ˈwɜː.kɪŋ/ 表示“弹性工作时间（雇主允许员工选择工作时间，其余时间任其自由支配，如照顾孩子等）”，英文解释为“a situation in which an employer allows people to choose the times that they work so that they can do other things, for example spend time with their children”举个🌰：
Employers can help women by offering childcare and flexible working. 雇主可以通过提供儿童托管和弹性工作时间来帮助女性。
level
梅西现在能算最伟大的球王了吗文中提到，level熟词僻义，作形容词，表示“得分相同”，英文解释为“having the same score as sb”举个🌰：
France took an early lead but Wales soon drew level (= scored the same number of points) . 法国队开始领先，但很快就被威尔士队把比分扳平。
类似的也可以表示“相等的；等量的；高度相等的，等高的”，英文解释为“having the same value, amount, number of points, etc.”
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