“头孢配酒，说走就走”
近日，网友爆料脱口秀演员杨波出轨事件持续发酵。今天下午，杨波疑似在朋友圈回应轻生一事，再次引发热议。
🤔️小作业：
1. Which antibiotic is specifically mentioned as causing unpleasant symptoms when combined with alcohol?
A) Amoxicillin B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Metronidazole D) Azithromycin
A) All antibiotics are dangerous with alcohol
B) Only a specific list requires caution
C) Most do not carry warnings about alcohol consumption
D) All antibiotics are safe with alcohol
无注释原文：
Can I Drink Alcohol While Taking Antibiotics?
From: The New York Times
Can I drink alcohol while taking antibiotics?
With some antibiotics, the answer is a definite no. With most, however, the answer may be a cautious yes.
Concerns about alcohol and antibiotics may have their roots in the rubber industry of the 1880s. Around this time, manufacturers began using a chemical known as disulfiram to accelerate the vulcanization of rubber. Soon, rubber workers began experiencing a strange reaction: They became violently ill after drinking alcohol.
In the 1940s, doctors explored whether disulfiram was useful as a treatment for alcohol abuse. Patients who took the drug after drinking alcohol developed nausea, vomiting, sweating, flushing, palpitations, headache and a host of other distressing symptoms, and many stopped drinking. The drug is today marketed under the brand name Antabuse.
In the 1960s, the antibiotic metronidazole (brand name Flagyl) was introduced into the United States. Soon, doctors began seeing a similar constellation of symptoms in their patients who drank alcohol. The symptoms were so unpleasant that metronidazole itself was studied as a treatment for alcoholism.
Although metronidazole is not used to fight alcohol abuse, it remains a critical drug for the treatment of various gastrointestinal infections, including diverticulitis, and in the treatment of gynecological conditions and sexually transmitted diseases. It is safe and effective, with the caveat that one must avoid alcohol while taking it.
A few other antibiotics have also been reported to cause reactions with alcohol. Most of these are cephalosporins, a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat a variety of infections. Yet, while there are many cephalosporins, only a handful have been reported to cause this reaction.
The vast majority of antibiotics do not interact with alcohol. The Food and Drug Administration's product information for the five most frequently prescribed antibiotics in the United States — amoxicillin (Amoxil), azithromycin (Zithromax), amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), cephalexin (Keflex) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) — does not carry warnings about alcohol consumption. Similarly, over-the-counter cough and cold products that contain alcohol do not warn against use with antibiotics. While there are no studies proving that it is safe to consume alcohol while taking these antibiotics, the potential for serious interactions seems low.
Nevertheless, it may be a good idea to avoid alcohol while fighting an infection, since alcohol can interact with many drugs other than antibiotics and irritate an already inflamed stomach lining. The F.D.A. generally advises that patients "should talk to your doctor about any alcohol you use or plan to use."
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注：完整题目见本文开头；中文文本为机器翻译并非一一对应，仅供参考
含注释全文：
Can I Drink Alcohol While Taking Antibiotics?
From: The New York Times
Can I drink alcohol while taking antibiotics?
服用抗生素期间可以喝酒吗？
antibiotic
antibiotic /ˌæn.ti.baɪˈɒt.ɪk/ 表示“抗生素，抗菌素”，英文解释为“a medicine or chemical that can destroy harmful bacteria in the body or limit their growth”举个🌰：I'm taking antibiotics for a throat infection. 因为嗓子发炎我正服用抗生素。
With some antibiotics, the answer is a definite no. With most, however, the answer may be a cautious yes.
对于某些抗生素，答案肯定是不可以。然而，对于大部分抗生素，答案可能是需要谨慎判断。
Concerns about alcohol and antibiotics may have their roots in the rubber industry of the 1880s. Around this time, manufacturers began using a chemical known as disulfiram to accelerate the vulcanization of rubber. Soon, rubber workers began experiencing a strange reaction: They became violently ill after drinking alcohol.
对酒精和抗生素的担忧可能源于19世纪80年代的橡胶工业。大约在这个时期，制造商开始使用一种叫做双硫仑的化学物质来加速橡胶的硫化。不久，橡胶工人开始出现一种奇怪的反应：饮酒后身体状况变得非常糟糕。
disulfiram
表示“双硫仑；戒酒硫”，英文解释为“a drug used in the treatment of alcoholism that acts by inducing nausea and other unpleasant effects following ingestion of alcohol”
vulcanization
表示“橡胶的硫化”，英文解释为“a chemical process by which rubber is made stronger”
In the 1940s, doctors explored whether disulfiram was useful as a treatment for alcohol abuse. Patients who took the drug after drinking alcohol developed nausea, vomiting, sweating, flushing, palpitations, headache and a host of other distressing symptoms, and many stopped drinking. The drug is today marketed under the brand name Antabuse.
20世纪40年代，医生们开始研究双硫仑是否可用于治疗酗酒。饮酒后服用该药的患者出现恶心、呕吐、出汗、脸红、心悸、头痛等一系列令人痛苦的症状，许多人因而停止了饮酒。该药物如今以安塔布司（Antabuse）的品牌名销售。
nausea
nausea /ˈnɔːzɪə, -sɪə/ 表示“恶心，呕吐感”，英文解释为“the feeling that you have when you think you are going to vomit (= bring food up from your stomach through your mouth)”
类似的：
📍sickness表示“恶心；呕吐”，英文解释为“the feeling that you are about to bring up food from your stomach, or the act of bringing food up”
vomit
vomit /ˈvɒm.ɪt/ 表示“呕吐”，英文解释为“to empty the contents of the stomach through the mouth”举个🌰：He came home drunk and vomited all over the kitchen floor. 他醉醺醺地回到家里，在厨房里吐了一地。
flush
flush /flʌʃ/ 作动词，表示“发红；脸红”，英文解释为“When you flush, you become red in the face, especially as a result of strong emotions, heat, or alcohol.”举个🌰：She flushed with pleasure as she accepted the prize. 她领奖时高兴得红光满面。
作形容词，表示“有钱的，富有的”，英文解释为“having a lot of money”举个🌰：I've just been paid so I'm feeling flush. 我刚领了薪水，所以感觉挺有钱的。
palpitation
palpitation /ˌpæl.pɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ 表示“（心脏的）悸动”，英文解释为“the feeling that your heart is beating too quickly or not regularly”举个🌰：He ended up in hospital with heart palpitations. 他因心悸而最终不得不住院。
a host of
表示“许多，大量”，英文解释为“a large number of something”举个🌰：There's a whole host of reasons why he didn't get the job. 有一大堆理由可以解释他为什么没有得到那份工作。
distressing
distressing /dɪˈstres.ɪŋ/ 表示“令人苦恼的,令人担忧的”，英文解释为“upsetting or worrying”举个🌰：It was deeply distressing for him to see his wife in such pain. 看到妻子如此痛苦，他万分焦急。
symptom
symptom /ˈsɪmp.təm/ 表示“（疾病的）症状”，英文解释为“any feeling of illness or physical or mental change that is caused by a particular disease”举个🌰：He's complaining of all the usual flu symptoms - a high temperature, headache, and so on. 他说他出现了所有常见的感冒症状——高烧、头痛等。
In the 1960s, the antibiotic metronidazole (brand name Flagyl) was introduced into the United States. Soon, doctors began seeing a similar constellation of symptoms in their patients who drank alcohol. The symptoms were so unpleasant that metronidazole itself was studied as a treatment for alcoholism.
20世纪60年代，抗生素甲硝唑（品牌名为Flagyl[纳诺米星]）被引入美国。很快，医生们开始在饮酒患者身上看到类似的症状。症状极其不适，因此甲硝唑本身也被作为治疗酗酒的药物进行研究。
constellation
constellation /ˌkɒnstəˈleɪʃn/ 1）表示“星座”，英文解释为“A constellation is a group of stars which form a pattern and have a name.”
2）表示“一系列（相关的想法、事物）；一群（相关的人）”，英文解释为“a group of related ideas, things or people”或者表示“群英荟萃；人才济济；明星群集”，英文解释为“a group of famous or admired people all together in one place”如：a constellation of Hollywood talent一群好莱坞天才，举个🌰：At our annual ceremony we had a whole constellation of movie stars and directors. 在我们的年度庆典上，影星导演济济一堂。
Although metronidazole is not used to fight alcohol abuse, it remains a critical drug for the treatment of various gastrointestinal infections, including diverticulitis, and in the treatment of gynecological conditions and sexually transmitted diseases. It is safe and effective, with the caveat that one must avoid alcohol while taking it.
虽然甲硝唑并未被用于治疗酗酒，但它仍然是治疗各种胃肠道感染（包括憩室炎）以及妇科疾病和性传播疾病的关键药物。它是安全有效的，但需要注意的是，服药期间必须避免饮酒。
gastrointestinal
gastrointestinal /ˌɡæs.trəʊˌɪn.tesˈtaɪ.nəl/ 表示“胃肠（里）的；与肠胃相关的”，英文解释为“in or relating to both the stomach and the intestine (= the long tube that food passes through after the stomach)”如：the gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道，gastrointestinal bleeding 胃肠出血。
infection
infection /ɪnˈfek.ʃən/ 表示“（由细菌或病毒造成的身体部位的）感染”，英文解释为“a disease in a part of your body that is caused by bacteria or a virus”如：a serious infection 严重的感染。
gynecological
gynaecological /ˌɡaɪ.nə.kəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ 表示“妇科的”，英文解释为“relating to gynaecology (= the area of medicine concerned with disorders and functions of women's reproductive organs)”如：gynaecological surgery 妇科手术。
transmit
transmit /trænzˈmɪt/ 1）表示“播送，发射，传送（信号）”，英文解释为“to broadcast something, or to send out or carry signals using radio, television, etc.”举个🌰：The information is transmitted electronically to the central computer. 这些信息以电子化的方式传送到中央计算机。
2）表示“传递；传播”，英文解释为“to pass something from one person or place to another”举个🌰：Cholera is transmitted through contaminated water. 霍乱是通过受污染的水传播的。
caveat
caveat /ˈkeɪvɪˌæt/ 表示“（进一步行动前的）警告，告诫；限制条款”，英文解释为“a warning to consider something before taking any more action, or a statement that limits a more general statement”举个🌰：He agreed to the interview, with the caveat that he could approve the final article. 他答应接受访问，条件是访问稿刊登前须经他同意。
A few other antibiotics have also been reported to cause reactions with alcohol. Most of these are cephalosporins, a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics that are used to treat a variety of infections. Yet, while there are many cephalosporins, only a handful have been reported to cause this reaction.
据报道，其他一些抗生素也会与酒精产生反应。其中大多数是头孢菌素，这是一类用于治疗各种感染的广谱抗生素。尽管头孢菌素种类繁多，但据报道只有少数头孢菌素会引起这种反应。
broad-spectrum
broad-spectrum /ˌbrɔɑd ˈspek.trəm/ 表示“（药物或化合物）广谱的”，英文解释为“(of a drug or chemical) able to kill a wide range of bacteria, insects, etc.”举个🌰：It is known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it is effective against many types of bacteria. 它被公认为是一种广谱抗生素，因为它对多种类型的细菌都有效。
The vast majority of antibiotics do not interact with alcohol. The Food and Drug Administration' product information for the five most frequently prescribed antibiotics in the United States — amoxicillin (Amoxil), azithromycin (Zithromax), amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin), cephalexin (Keflex) and ciprofloxacin (Cipro) — does not carry warnings about alcohol consumption. Similarly, over-the-counter cough and cold products that contain alcohol do not warn against use with antibiotics. While there are no studies proving that it is safe to consume alcohol while taking these antibiotics, the potential for serious interactions seems low.
绝大多数抗生素不会与酒精发生反应。美国食品药物管理局（FDA）的产品信息中，五种最常用的抗生素——阿莫西林（amoxicillin）、阿奇霉素（azithromycin）、阿莫西林-克拉维酸（amoxicillin-clavulanate）、头孢氨苄（cephalexin）和环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin），并未包含关于饮酒的警告。同样，含有酒精的非处方止咳和感冒药也没有警告不要与抗生素一起使用。虽然没有研究证明在服用这些抗生素的同时饮酒是安全的，但发生严重反应的可能性似乎很低。
interact
interact /ˌɪn.təˈrækt/ 表示“交互，交流，交往；互相作用，互相影响”，英文解释为“to communicate with or react to”举个🌰：Her teacher says that she interacts well with the other children. 她的老师说她与别的孩子相处得很好。
prescribe
prescribe /prɪˈskraɪb/ 作动词 1）表示“开（药、处方）”，英文解释为“If a doctor prescribes medicine or treatment for you, he or she tells you what medicine or treatment to have.”举个🌰：The physician examines the patient then diagnoses the disease and prescribes medication. 内科医生检查了病人，然后对疾病作出诊断，并开出药方。
2）表示“规定”，英文解释为“If a person or set of laws or rules prescribes an action or duty, they state that it must be carried out.”，如：Article II of the constitution, which prescribes the method of electing a president 规定总统选举办法的宪法第二条。
📍prescriptions 处方药；处方
over-the-counter
over the counter /ˌəʊ.və.ðəˈkaʊn.tər/ 1）表示“（药品）非处方的，无需处方也可买到的”，英文解释为“An over-the-counter drug is bought from a shop without the person who buys it having visited a doctor first.”如：an over-the-counter medicine 非处方药。
2）表示“场外交易，柜台交易”，英文解释为“used to describe shares that are traded directly between dealers (= people and organizations that buy and sell for others), rather than on a stock market”举个🌰：Brokers can use the system to look up prices or enter quotes for over-the-counter securities. 经纪商可以用这个系统对场外交易股票查价和出价。
Nevertheless, it may be a good idea to avoid alcohol while fighting an infection, since alcohol can interact with many drugs other than antibiotics and irritate an already inflamed stomach lining. The F.D.A. generally advises that patients "should talk to your doctor about any alcohol you use or plan to use."
不过，在抗感染期间最好不要饮酒，因为酒精会与抗生素以外的许多药物发生反应，刺激已发炎的胃黏膜。美国食品药物管理局通常建议患者“应与医生探讨其饮酒习惯或计划。”
irritate
irritate /ˈɪr.ɪ.teɪt/ 1）表示“激怒”，英文解释为“If something irritates you, it keeps annoying you.”举个🌰：Their attitude irritates me. 他们的态度激怒了我。
2）表示“使发炎；使疼痛”，英文解释为“to make a part of your body sore or painful”举个🌰：At first my contact lenses irritated my eyes. 起初一戴上隐形眼镜，我的眼睛就疼。
inflamed
inflamed /ɪnˈfleɪmd/ 表示“（尤指身体部位因感染而）发炎的，红肿的”，英文解释为“(of a part of the body) red, painful, and swollen, especially because of infection”如：an inflamed eye/toe 红肿的眼睛/脚趾。
lining
lining /ˈlaɪnɪŋ/ 1）表示“衬层；内衬；衬里”，英文解释为“a layer of material used to cover the inside surface of sth”如：a pair of leather gloves with fur linings 一双毛皮衬里的皮手套。
2）表示“（胃等器官内部的）保护层”，英文解释为“The lining of your stomach or other organ is a layer of tissue on the inside of it.”如：a bacterium that attacks the lining of the stomach 一种侵袭胃粘膜的细菌。
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