特朗普最新民调结果出炉；总统备忘录剑指阿里？（全文）
特朗普最新民调结果出炉；美国又出新招剑指阿里？（全文）
据美国媒体CNBC和华尔街日报报道，唐纳德.特朗普(Donald Trump)总统的政治地位目前看来几乎没有受到两个亲密伙伴认罪或判罪的影响，共和党要想保持对国会的控制，仍然面临着艰难的斗争。
以上是NBC新闻/《华尔街日报》新民调的结果，这些民调都是在特朗普及其竞选团队的联邦调查出现爆炸性的法律进展之前和之后进行的。其中一项调查主要是在这些事态发展之前进行的，46%的美国选民赞成特朗普的工作表现；在随后进行的另一项调查中，有44%的人赞成特朗普的工作表现，这一下降幅度在误差范围之内。
同时，民主党在众议院选举中领先共和党8个百分点。两党间50%对42%的优势使特朗普的政治对手处于一个充满希望的位置，如果持续这样，那么民主党则至少可能获得在即将进入中期选举最后两个月的众议院多数所需的23个席位。
美国媒体分析，不过对民主党中期打翻身战而言最大的不利之处在于美国经济的强劲势头，因为这不仅是特朗普发动贸易战的本钱，也是共和党的优势及特朗普连任的主要积极因素。
特朗普对这个最新民调结果显然十分满意，他于美东时间周日晚上八点多发推文如下：
，
推文的中文翻译参考如下：
“超过90%的支持率给予了您一直以来最喜欢（我希望）共和党内的总统，总体支持率比例为52%。虽然假新闻传媒一直在编造出来的故事试图让自己看起来尽可能的坏和邪恶，（民调显示的我的支持率仍然很好）。请大家看那些真正的恶棍”
而时下，特朗普正处于“通俄门”和“封口费”法律风险的至暗时刻，所以对外保持强硬，一方面强化严历制裁俄罗斯，另一方面继续推进贸易战。于八月二十三号，特朗普发布总统备忘录，剑指中国电商。
独家：美国为何要重审阿里IPO 集体诉讼案？（附法院判决书）
美国总统特朗普星期三签署总统备忘录，将采取“大胆行动”，解决华盛顿所说的“破坏美国经济繁荣并威胁我们国家安全的国际邮政做法”。
特朗普要求美国邮政局取消让外国商品廉价涌入美国的国际邮政折扣。特朗普普要求美国通过万国邮政联盟重新谈判国际邮资。彭博新闻社说，这一措施针对的是中国，是要防止中国商品廉价地直接送到美国消费者家中。此举可能会提高中国电商巨头阿里巴巴的成本。
美国邮政局2015年的一项研究发现，来自中国的低成本物品的邮寄花费比类似物品在美国国内的邮寄费用还要低27%。这跟联合国旗下的万国邮联的国际邮资协议有关。美国邮政局和美国电商和中小制造商对此一直不满。
美国国务院发言人希瑟·诺尔特星期四发表声明说：“万国邮政联盟美国代表团将在埃塞尔比亚召开的第二次特别会议上推行总统的指示，明确指出万国邮联邮政的邮资费率对美国商人、邮寄者和公司不公。代表团还将采取步骤，更新不公平的邮资费率，并确保所有万国邮联成员国采取行动，提供电子海关预报数据，以帮助侦察阿片类药物和其它非法材料。美国期盼与其它万国联盟成员国合作，实现这些目标。”
彭博社25日报道，特朗普于周四签署的一份备忘录显示，他指示美国邮政总局取消国际邮政折扣，阻止外国商品廉价涌入美国。
文章特别强调，这一措施明显针对中国，“借助折扣，中国商人可以廉价地将商品接运送到美国消费者的手中”。此外，特朗普还要求美国通过万国邮政联盟（简称“邮联”，Universal Postal Union）重新谈判国际邮政费用。
万国邮政联盟是一个协调各国邮政政策的联合国机构。根据备忘录，美国总统希望重新审查规则，以确保“美国发件人不会用自己的邮费去补贴外国供货商”。该指令还提到了国家安全问题，称国际邮件也可被用于运送“高风险”包裹，如阿片类药物
今年4月，美国参议员比尔·卡西迪（Bill Cassidy）提出一项名为“终止不必要的交付补贴（ENDS）”法案。该法案旨在使美国纳税人免于补贴从国外到美国的国际邮包。
当时，卡西迪援引美国邮政总局2015年的一项研究，称低成本物品从中国寄出，比美国国内寄出的邮费低27%。
这一事实与万国邮联的国际邮资协议有关。此举导致美国邮政总局和、美国电商及美国中小制造商都非常不满
去年11月，福布斯网站刊文称，国际邮寄包裹的费用由万国邮政联盟（简称UPU）设定。该机构目前共有192个成员，每四年修改一次政策并确定新的费率，每个国家持有相同的投票权。
不过，虽然万国邮政联盟的投票系统是平等的，但它设定的运费却不是。联邦快递南希·斯帕克斯（Nancy Sparks）称，万国邮政联盟的税率结构基本上是一个“富人替穷人买单” 的系统：从贫国家发货到富国家时，消费者只需要支付较少的运费：“比如从中国发到美国，要比从美国将同样的包裹发到中国便宜得多。”
值得注意的是，早在2011年，美国邮政总局还与中国大陆和中国香港的邮政运营商（以及随后的韩国和新加坡）达成了一项协议，允许长、宽、厚合计不超过36英寸、或重量不超过4.4磅的可被追踪包裹，可以以极低的价格运往美国，并把这种运输方式称为“国际e邮宝”（ePacket）。
在亚马逊全球政策副总裁保罗·米森纳（Paul Misener）看来，这一规定令从中国运往美国的小包裹运费，远低于在美国国内邮寄相同包裹的费用。
“将一个一磅包裹从南卡罗来纳州运送到纽约市的成本将近6美元；而从北京到纽约只需3.66美元。”
然而，把同样的一磅重包裹通过美国邮政国际邮件从纽约寄回北京，大概要花50美元左右。
彭博社称，总部位于美国的在线商家经常抱怨说，从中国向美国客户运送货物比通过国内邮件运输更便宜，这使他们处于劣势。
《华盛顿邮报》此前刊文称，中国每向美国发送一个国际e邮宝的包裹，美国邮政总局都会损失大约1美元。美国邮政总局局长承认，仅在2014年，他的机构就损失了7500万美元用于处理国外托运人的包裹。
作为一个权宜之计，美国邮政总局提高美国发货人的运费费率（以减少亏损）。福布斯称，从一定程度上来说，美国发货人支付的更高运费，实际上弥补了向中国提供运费补贴带来的影响。
以下是白宫网站上发布的特朗普最新备忘录全文，值得注意的是，这个备忘录发布在白宫官网的国防和安全这个主题内容下，由此看来，特朗普发动的贸易战已经不是单纯的贸易领域内的诉求，需要从国家安全的角度来分析和判断美国发动贸易战的动机及其性质。
PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDA
Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Homeland Security, Postmaster General, and Chairman of the Postal Regulatory Commission
NATIONAL SECURITY & DEFENSE
MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF STATE
THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
THE SECRETARY OF HOMELAND SECURITY
THE POSTMASTER GENERAL
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE POSTAL REGULATORY COMMISSION
SUBJECT: Modernizing the Monetary Reimbursement Model for the Delivery of Goods Through the International Postal System and Enhancing the Security and Safety of International Mail
By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:
Section 1. Definitions. (a) “Good” means any tangible and movable object that can be conveyed by the international postal system, excluding (i) written, drawn, printed, or digital information recorded on a tangible medium that is not an object of merchandise and (ii) money.
(b) “Non-postal operator” means a private express carrier, freight forwarder, or other provider of services for the collection, transportation, and delivery of international documents and packages, other than a postal operator.
(c) “Postal operator” means a governmental or non‑governmental entity officially designated by a Universal Postal Union (UPU) member country to operate postal services and to fulfill the related obligations arising out of the Acts of the UPU on its territory.
(d) “Terminal dues” means the rates or fees determined through the UPU and paid by the postal operator in the country of origin to the postal operator in the country of destination to compensate for costs incurred in the country of destination for processing, transportation, and delivery of international “letter post” items, which may include documents or goods and generally weigh up to 4.4 pounds.
Sec. 2. Policy. (a) The UPU was established in 1874 by 21 countries. The United States played an integral role in the UPU’s creation and, since that time, the United States has actively participated in all phases of the UPU’s work. The United States is a party to the current Constitution of the UPU ‑‑ which was adopted in 1964 ‑‑ and intends to continue to participate fully in and financially contribute to the UPU, as provided in Article 21 of the UPU Constitution. As a member country of the UPU, the United States recognizes the importance of this long-standing organization and is proud of the United States’ unbroken record of participation in it.
The Congress has provided that the Secretary of State (Secretary), in concluding postal treaties, conventions, or other international agreements, shall, to the maximum extent practicable, take measures to encourage governments of other countries to make available to the United States Postal Service (USPS) and private companies a range of nondiscriminatory customs procedures that will fully meet the needs of all types of American shippers (39 U.S.C. 407(e)(3)).
The Congress has likewise directed that responsible officials shall apply the customs laws of the United States and all other laws relating to importation or exportation of goods in the same manner to shipments of goods that are competitive products of the USPS and to similar shipments by private companies (39 U.S.C. 407(e)(2)).
It is the policy of the United States to promote and encourage the development of an efficient and competitive global system that provides for fair and nondiscriminatory postal rates.
(b) It is in the interest of the United States to:
(i) promote and encourage communications between peoples by efficient operation of international postal services and other international delivery services for cultural, social, and economic purposes (39 U.S.C. 407(a)(1));
(ii) promote and encourage unrestricted and undistorted competition in the provision of international postal services and other international delivery services, except where provision of such services by private companies may be prohibited by the laws of the United States (39 U.S.C. 407(a)(2));
(iii) promote and encourage a clear distinction between governmental and operational responsibilities with respect to the provision of international postal services and other international delivery services by the Government of the United States and by intergovernmental organizations of which the United States is a member (39 U.S.C. 407(a)(3)); and
(iv) participate in multilateral and bilateral agreements with other countries to accomplish these objectives (39 U.S.C. 407(a)(4)).
(c) Some current international postal practices in the UPU do not align with United States economic and national security interests:
(i) UPU terminal dues, in many cases, are less than comparable domestic postage rates. As a result:
(A) the United States, along with other member countries of the UPU, is in many cases not fully reimbursed by the foreign postal operator for the cost of delivering foreign-origin letter post items, which can result in substantial preferences for foreign mailers relative to domestic mailers;
(B) the current terminal dues rates undermine the goal of unrestricted and undistorted competition in cross-border delivery services because they disadvantage non-postal operators seeking to offer competing collection and outward transportation services for goods covered by terminal dues in foreign markets; and
(C) the current system of terminal dues distorts the flow of small packages around the world by incentivizing the shipping of goods from foreign countries that benefit from artificially low reimbursement rates.
(ii) The UPU has not done enough to reorient international mail to achieve a clear distinction between documents and goods. Without such a distinction, it is difficult to achieve essential pricing reforms or to ensure that customs requirements, including provision of electronic customs data for goods, are met. Under the current system, foreign postal operators do not uniformly furnish advance electronic customs data that are needed to enhance targeting and risk management for national security and to facilitate importation and customs clearance. My Administration’s Initiative to Stop Opioids Abuse and Reduce Drug Supply and Demand, launched in March of this year, requires accurate advance electronic customs data for 90 percent of all international mail shipments that contain goods and consignment shipments within 3 years, so that the Department of Homeland Security can better detect and flag high-risk shipments.
(d) It shall be the policy of the executive branch to support efforts that further the policies in this memorandum, including supporting a system of unrestricted and undistorted competition between United States and foreign merchants. Such efforts include:
(i) ensuring that rates charged for delivery of foreign-origin mail containing goods do not favor foreign mailers over domestic mailers;
(ii) setting rates charged for delivery of foreign-origin mail in a manner that does not favor postal operators over non-postal operators; and
(iii) ensuring the collection of advance electronic customs data.
Sec. 3. Relations with the UPU. (a) The United States must seek reforms to the UPU that promote the policies outlined in this memorandum. Such reforms shall provide for:
(i) a system of fair and nondiscriminatory rates for goods that promotes unrestricted and undistorted competition; and
(ii) terminal dues rates that:
(A) fully reimburse the USPS for costs to the same extent as domestic rates for comparable services;
(B) avoid a preference for inbound foreign small packages containing goods that favors foreign mailers over domestic mailers; and
(C) avoid a preference for inbound foreign small packages containing goods that favors postal operators over private-sector entities providing transportation services.
(b) If negotiations at the UPU’s September 2018 Second Extraordinary Congress in Ethiopia fail to yield reforms that satisfy the criteria set forth in subsection (a) of this section, the United States will consider taking any appropriate actions to ensure that rates for the delivery of inbound foreign packages satisfy those criteria, consistent with applicable law.
Sec. 4. Actions by the Secretary. (a) The Secretary shall notify the Director General of the UPU of the policies and intentions of the United States described in this memorandum.
(b) The Secretary or his designee shall, consistent with 39 U.S.C. 407(b)(1), seek agreement on future Convention texts that comport with the policies of this memorandum in meetings of the UPU, including at the September 2018 Extraordinary Congress.
(c) No later than November 1, 2018, the Secretary shall submit to the President a report summarizing the steps being taken to implement this memorandum. If the Secretary determines that sufficient progress on reforms to promote compatibility of the Acts of the UPU with the policy of this memorandum is not being achieved, the Secretary shall include recommendations for future action, including the possibility of adopting self‑declared rates.
Sec. 5. General Provisions. (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:
(i) the authority granted by law to an executive department or agency, or the head thereof; or
(ii) the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.
(b) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.
(c) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.
(d) The Secretary is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.
DONALD J. TRUMP
在贸易战谈判方面，上周的中美副部级谈判并未达成公开协议；但据彭博社26号消息，美国和墨西哥将于周一达达协议；此前加拿大外长表示，如果美墨达成协议，那么加拿大也会重启和美国的谈判。如果北美自由贸易协定谈判最终能达成协议，尤其在最新民调显示特朗普的支持率仍然稳定的情况下，那么特朗普可能会集中更多火力针对他国。
每天读懂特朗普
听其言，观其行
知己知彼，百战不殆，
欢迎关注继民财经汇（jimincaijing), 了解贸易战最新动态。