《大学》The Great Learning Chapter 11

《大学》原为《礼记》第四十二篇，约为秦汉之际儒家作品。一说曾子作。提出明明德、亲民、止于至善的三纲领和格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下的八条目。宋代程颢、程颐兄弟从《礼记》中把它抽出，以与《论语》、《孟子》、《中庸》相配合。至南宋淳熙年间（1174-—1189），朱熹撰《四书集注》，将它和《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》合为“四书”。现在如今流传最广的版本为朱熹版本。

《大学》

The Great Learning

By Confucius  Written ca. 500 B.C.E

第十一章 Chapter 11

所谓平天下在治其国者，上老老而民兴孝，上长长而民兴悌，上恤孤而民不倍，是以君子有絜矩之道也。

注解：之所以说平定天下要治理好自己的国家，是因为，在上位的人尊敬老人，老百姓就会孝顺自己的父母，在上位的人尊重长辈，老百姓就会尊重自己的兄长；在上位的人体恤救济孤儿，老百姓也会同样跟着去做。所以，品德高尚的人总是实行以身作则，推已及人的“絮矩之道”。

What is meant by "The making the whole kingdom peaceful and happy depends on the government of his state," this:-When the sovereign behaves to his aged, as the aged should be behaved to, the people become final; when the sovereign behaves to his elders, as the elders should be behaved to, the people learn brotherly submission; when the sovereign treats compassionately the young and helpless, the people do the same. Thus the ruler has a principle with which, as with a measuring square, he may regulate his conduct.

所恶于上，毋以使下，所恶于下，毋以事上；所恶于前，毋以先后；所恶于后，毋以从前；所恶于右，毋以交于左；所恶于左，毋以交于右；此之谓絜矩之道。

注解：如果厌恶上司对你的某种行为，就不要用这种行为去对待你的下属；如果厌恶下属对你的某种行为，就不要用这种行为去对待你的上司；如果厌恶在你前面的人对你的某种行为，就不要用这种行为去对待在你后面的人；如果厌恶在你后面的人对你的某种行为，就不要用这种行为去对待在你前面的人；如果厌恶在你右边的人对你的某种行为，就不要用这种行为去对待在你左边的人；如果厌恶在你左边的人对你的某种行为，就不要用这种行为去对待在你右边的人。这就叫做“絮矩之道”。

What a man dislikes in his superiors, let him not display in the treatment of his inferiors; what he dislikes in inferiors, let him not display in the service of his superiors; what he hates in those who are before him, let him not therewith precede those who are behind him; what he hates in those who are behind him, let him not bestow on the left; what he hates to receive on the left, let him not bestow on the right:-this is what is called "The principle with which, as with a measuring square, to regulate one's conduct."

《诗》云：“乐只君子，民之父母。”民之所好好之，民之所恶恶之，此之谓民之父母。《诗》云：“节彼南山，维石岩岩。赫赫师尹，民具尔瞻。”有国者不可以不慎，辟，则为天下僇矣。《诗》云：“殷之未丧师，克配上帝。仪鉴于殷，峻命不易。”道得众则得国，失众则失国。

注解：《诗经》说：“使人心悦诚服的国君啊，是老百姓的父母。”老百姓喜欢的他也喜欢，老百姓厌恶的他也厌恶，这样的国君就可以说是老百姓的父母了。《诗经》说：“巍峨的南山啊，岩石耸立。显赫的尹太师啊，百姓都仰望你。”统治国家的人不可不谨慎。稍有偏颇，就会被天下人推翻。《诗经》说：“殷朝没有丧失民心的时候，还是能够与上天的要求相符的。请用殷朝作个鉴戒吧，守住天命并不是一件容易的事。”这就是说，得到民心就能得到国家，失去民心就会失去国家。

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "How much to be rejoiced in are these princes, the parents of the people!" When a prince loves what the people love, and hates what the people hate, then is he what is called the parent of the people.

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Lofty is that southern hill,with its rugged masses of rocks! Greatly distinguished are you, O grand-teacher Yin, the people all look up to you. "Rulers of states may not neglect to be careful. If they deviate to a mean selfishness, they will be a disgrace in the kingdom.

In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Before the sovereigns of the Yin dynasty had lost the hearts of the people, they could appear before God. Take warning from the house of Yin. The great decree is not easily preserved." This shows that, by gaining the people, the kingdom is gained, and, by losing the people, the kingdom is lost.

是故君子先慎乎德。有德此有人，有人此有土，有土此有财，有财此有用。德者本也，财者末也。外本内末，争民施夺。是故财聚则民散，财散则民聚。是故言悖而出者，亦悖而入；货悖而入者，亦悖而出。

注解：所以，品德高尚的人首先注重修养德行。有德行才会有人拥护，有人拥护才能保有土地，有土地才会有财富，有财富才能供给使用，德是根本，财是枝末，假如把根本当成了外在的东西，却把枝末当成了内在的根本，那就会和老百姓争夺利益。所以，君王聚财敛货，民心就会失散；君王散财于民，民心就会聚在一起。这正如你说话不讲道理，人家也会用不讲道理的话来回答你；财货来路不明不白，总有一天也会不明不白地失去。

On this account, the ruler will first take pains about his own virtue. Possessing virtue will give him the people. Possessing the people will give the territory. Possessing the territory will give him its wealth. Possessing the wealth, he will have resources for expenditure.

Virtue is the root; wealth is the result.

If he make the root his secondary object, and the result his primary, he will only wrangle with his people, and teach them rapine.

Hence, the accumulation of wealth is the way to scatter the people;and the letting it be scattered among them is the way to collect the people.

And hence, the ruler's words going forth contrary to right, will come back to him in the same way, and wealth, gotten by improper ways,will take its departure by the same. 

《康诰》曰：“惟命不于常。”道善则得之，不善则失之矣。《楚书》曰：“楚国无以为宝，惟善以为宝。”舅犯曰：“亡人无以为宝，仁亲以为宝。”

注解：《康浩》说：“天命是不会始终如一的。”这就是说，行善便会得到天命，不行善便会失去天命。《楚书》说：“楚国没有什么是宝，只是把善当作宝。”舅犯说，“流亡在外的人没有什么是宝，只是把仁爱当作宝。”

In the Announcement to K'ang, it is said, "The decree indeed may not always rest on us"; that is, goodness obtains the decree, and the want of goodness loses it.

In the Book of Ch'u, it is said, "The kingdom of Ch'u does not consider that to be valuable. It values, instead, its good men."

Duke Wan's uncle, Fan, said, "Our fugitive does not account that to be precious. What he considers precious is the affection due to his parent." 

《秦誓》曰：“若有一介臣，断断兮无他技，其心休休焉，其如有容焉。人之有技，若己有之；人之彦圣，其心好之，不啻若自其口出。实能容之，以能保我子孙黎民，尚亦有利哉！人之有技，媢嫉以恶之；人之彦圣，而违之，俾不通：实不能容，以不能保我子孙黎民，亦曰殆哉！”唯仁人放流之，迸诸四夷，不与同中国。此谓唯仁人为能爱人，能恶人。见贤而不能举，举而不能先，命也；见不善而不能退，退而不能远，过也。好人之所恶，恶人之所好，是谓拂人之性，灾必逮夫身。是故君子有大道，必忠信以得之，骄泰以失之。 

注解：《秦誓》说：“如果有这样一位大臣，忠诚老实，虽然没有什么特别的本领，但他心胸宽广，有容人的肚量，别人有本领，就如同他自己有一样；别人德才兼备，他心悦诚服，不只是在口头上表示，而是打心眼里赞赏。用这种人，是可以保护我的子孙和百姓的，是可以为他们造福的啊！相反，如果别人有本领，他就妒嫉、厌恶；别人德才兼备，他便想方设法压制，排挤，无论如何容忍不得。用这种人，不仅不能保护我的子孙和百姓，而且可以说是危险得很！”因此，有仁德的人会把这种容不得人的人流放，把他们驱逐到边远的四夷之地去，不让他们同住在国中。这说明，有德的人爱憎分明，发现贤才而不能选拔，选拔了而不能重用，这是轻慢：发现恶人而不能，了而不能把他驱逐得远远的，这是过错。喜欢众人所厌恶的，厌恶众人所喜欢的，这是违背人的本性，灾难必定要落到自己身上。所以，做国君的人有正确的途径：忠诚信义，便会获得一切；骄奢放纵，便会失去一切。

In the Declaration of the Duke of Ch'in, it is said, "Let me have but one minister, plain and sincere, not pretending to other abilities,but with a simple, upright, mind; and possessed of generosity, regarding the talents of others as though he himself possessed them, and, where he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, loving them in his heart more than his mouth expresses, and really showing himself able to bear them and employ them:-such a minister will be able to preserve my sons and grandsons and black-haired people, and benefits likewise to the kingdom may well be looked for from him. But if it be his character, when he finds men of ability, to be jealous and hate them; and, when he finds accomplished and perspicacious men, to oppose them and not allow their advancement, showing himself really not able to bear them: such a minister will not be able to protect my sons and grandsons and people; and may he not also be pronounced dangerous to the state?"

It is only the truly virtuous man who can send away such a man and banish him, driving him out among the barbarous tribes around, determined not to dwell along with him in the Middle Kingdom. This is in accordance with the saying, "It is only the truly virtuous man who can love or who can hate others."

To see men of worth and not be able to raise them to office; to raise them to office, but not to do so quickly:-this is disrespectful.To see bad men and not be able to remove them; to remove them, but not to do so to a distance:-this is weakness.

To love those whom men hate, and to hate those whom men love;-this is to outrage the natural feeling of men. Calamities cannot fail to come down on him who does so.

Thus we see that the sovereign has a great course to pursue. He must show entire self-devotion and sincerity to attain it, and by pride and extravagance he will fail of it.

生财有大道，生之者众，食之者寡，为之者疾，用之者舒，则财恒足矣。仁者以财发身，不仁者以身发财。未有上好仁而下不好义者也，未有好义其事不终者也，未有府库财非其财者也。孟献子曰：“畜马乘不察于鸡豚，伐冰之家不畜牛羊，百乘之家不畜聚敛之臣。与其有聚敛之臣，宁有盗臣。”此谓国不以利为利，以义为利也。长国家而务财用者，必自小人矣。彼为善之，小人之使为国家，灾害并至。虽有善者，亦无如之何矣！此谓国不以利为利，以义为利也。

注解：生产财富也有正确的途径，生产财富的人多，消费财富的人少；生产财富的人勤奋，消费财富的人节省，这样，财富便会经常充足，仁爱的人以财富来修养自身的德行，不仁的人不惜以生命为代价去敛财发财，没有在上位的人喜好仁慈，而在下位的人却不喜好忠义的；没有喜好忠义而做事却做不成的；没有不把国库里的财务不当做自己的财富来爱惜的。

孟献子说：“养了四匹马拉车的士大夫之家，就不需要再去养鸡养猪；祭祀用冰的卿大夫家，就不要再去养牛养羊；拥有一百辆兵车的诸侯之家，就不要去收留搜刮民财的家臣。”这意思是说，一个国家不应该以财务为利益，而应该以仁义为利益。

做了国君却还一心想着聚敛财货，这必然是有小人在诱导，而那国君还以为这些小人是好人，让他们去处理国家大事，结果是天灾人祸一起降临。这时虽有贤能的人，却也没有办法挽救了。所以，一个国家不应该以财货为利益，而应该以仁义为利益。

There is a great course also for the production of wealth. Let the producers be many and the consumers few. Let there be activity in the production, and economy in the expenditure. Then the wealth will always be sufficient.

The virtuous ruler, by means of his wealth, makes himself more distinguished. The vicious ruler accumulates wealth, at the expense of his life.

Never has there been a case of the sovereign loving benevolence,and the people not loving righteousness. Never has there been a case where the people have loved righteousness, and the affairs of the sovereign have not been carried to completion. And never has there been a case where the wealth in such a state, collected in the treasuries and arsenals, did not continue in the sovereign's possession.

The officer Mang Hsien said, "He who keeps horses and a carriage does not look after fowls and pigs. The family which keeps its stores of ice does not rear cattle or sheep. So, the house which possesses a hundred chariots should not keep a minister to look out for imposts that he may lay them on the people. Than to have such a minister, it were better for that house to have one who should rob it of its revenues." This is in accordance with the saying:-"In a state, pecuniary gain is not to be considered to be prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness."

When he who presides over a state or a family makes his revenue is his chief business, he must be under the influence of some small, mean man. He may consider this man to be good; but when such a person is employed in the administration of a state or family, calamities from Heaven, and injuries from men, will befall it together, and, though a good man may take his place, he will not be able to remedy the evil. This illustrates again the saying, "In a state, gain is not to be considered prosperity, but its prosperity will be found in righteousness."

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