经济学人精读丨印度水资源危机
这段话选自2019年7月6日的《经济学人》亚洲版块的文章,题目叫做 Water shortages in India: Do or dry,主要讲的是印度城市金奈(Chennai)的缺水问题。我从中选了第三段与大家分享,这段话语势层层递进,分析了金奈水资源短缺问题背后的三个原因,以下是音频和原文:
Water shortages in India
Do or dry
As with India as a whole, the growing city’s demand for water has placed huge stress on traditional sources such as groundwater, rivers and lakes. And, like all of India’s 1.3bn people, Chennai’s thirsty inhabitants may very well face long-term dangers from climate change, one effect of which is more erratic rainfall. But while it is easy to blame both the city’s and India’s water woes on nature, a closer look reveals a legacy of poor management, lax laws and underinvestment. Most of the time, the two annual monsoons suffice to top up lakes and groundwater. The trouble comes when leaks spring in the system.
解析
我们先看题目:
Water shortages in India: Do or dry
印度水资源短缺:采取行动,刻不容缓
water shortages 指“水资源短缺”的意思,这是本文重点讨论的问题。shortage 指“短缺,不足”,既可以用作可数名词,也可以用作不可数名词。比如 food shortage 食物短缺,housing shortage 住房短缺。
Do or dry (要么行动,要么干涸) 化用了俗语 Do or die,意思相当于汉语中的破釜沉舟,形象地体现了缺水问题的严峻。在 do or die 中间加上hyphen后可作形容词,如 a do-or-die attitude 破釜沉舟的态度。再比如:
Taking a weekend or two to “knock out” the TEM is a do or die proposition: To succeed with this strategy, one must already be so adept with the concepts tested by the TEM that, at most, all that's needed is some light brushing up and a familiarizing with the test structure.
用一两周的时间准备专四专八考试无异于破釜沉舟。欲用这一战略取得成功,你必须非常熟悉专四专八所考的内容,顶多需要刷几套题、熟悉一下试题结构。(proposition 有“艰巨的任务”的意思。)
下面进入正文:①②两句开头通过两个类比“as with India as a whole”“like all of India’s 1.3bn people”,体现出印度水资源短缺问题的普遍性:
①As with India as a whole, the growing city’s demand for water has placed huge stress on traditional sources such as groundwater, rivers and lakes.
正如印度的整体情况一般,这个正在发展的城市的用水需求给传统水源(比如地下水、河水与湖水)带来了压力。
①句从“需求”角度分析了金奈水资源短缺的第一个原因:城市发展对水的需求量增加,给传统水源造成压力。
句首的 As with India as a whole 指出供水紧张这个问题的普遍性。
as with 表示“正如”,可以用来对比事物,比如在讨论人工智能是否会取代人类工作时,我们可以说:
As with the introduction of computing into offices, AI will not so much replace workers directly as require them to gain new skills to complement it. (The Economist 2016.6.25)
正如办公室引入电脑(并没有导致员工失业)一样,AI并不会直接替代人类员工,而更多的是要求他们学习新技能来更好地利用它。
as a whole 意为“整体来说”,常常与take搭配。比如我们常常劝人不要以孤立的观点去看事物,我们可以说 take...as a whole into account,再如我们要表达“总地来说”,可以在句首使用 Taken as a whole...
注意和 on the whole 相区分,后者表示“一般来说”,相当于 generally speaking。
句子主干部分是 the growing city’s demand for water has placed huge stress on traditional sources
主语为 the growing city’s demand for water
the growing city 是一个常见的现在分词作定语 (growing) 修饰名词 (city) 的词组,growing一词偏中性,表示“正在发展的”,可以用 expanding 替换;有时为增强表达效果,sprawling(偏贬义)也可以作为替代,体现城市规划的失序。
句中的 place huge stress on 是一个固定搭配,表示“给...造成压力”(这里的 place 是动词,表示“放置”,同 put),我们可用 impose a heavy burden on 进行同义替换。比如《经济学人》中曾有篇文章讲到了老年痴呆症对家庭造成的压力,文中有句话是这么说的:
This is going to cause much suffering, impose a heavy burden on the families of the demented and cost a lot of money.
这会带来很多痛苦,跟老年痴呆患者的家庭造成沉重负担,花费大量金钱。
句尾使用了一个很常见的举例表达 such as,对 traditional sources (传统水源) 进行举例。我们可以尝试外刊精读写作课中的新用法 from... to...来改写:
The growing city’s demand for water has imposed a heavy burden on traditional sources, from groundwater to rivers and lakes.
②And, like all of India’s 1.3bn people, Chennai’s thirsty inhabitants may very well face long-term dangers from climate change, one effect of which is more erratic rainfall.
和13亿印度国民一样,饱受缺水困扰的金奈居民很可能会面临气候变化所带来的长期威胁,不稳定的降雨即是其中之一。
②句从“气候变化”角度分析了金奈水资源短缺的原因。
结构上,句首的 like all of India's 1.3bn people 对应①句的 as with India as a whole,指出水资源短缺这一问题的普遍性。
like 和 as with 一样,都可以用来对比事物,不过 as with 比 like 更高级一些。
这句话的主干是:Chennai’s thirsty inhabitants may very well face long-term dangers from climate change
thirsty 本义是“口渴的”,这里翻译成“饱受缺水困扰的”更能凸显出这一问题的严肃性。
may (very) well 是一个表示推测的表达,译为“很可能,非常可能”,可以和 possibly, probably, likely 等词积累到一起。7月17日的《金融时报》中有篇文章讲到了气候变化,文中有句话也用到了这个表达:
We may very well be on the cusp of a 20-or-30-year sustained bull market in renewable power — promising a fundamental reshaping of our energy industry.
我们很可能迎来可再生能源市场的20-30年的持续牛市——这有望从根本上改变我们的能源行业。
face long-term dangers from climate change 指“面临气候变化的长期威胁”。
danger 常见意思为“危险”,这里翻译成“威胁”更为合适,表示“X造成的威胁”,用介词 from,比如:dangers from nuclear meltdown 核泄漏带来的威胁;
如果是“对X的威胁”,则用介词 to,比如:Extreme heat in recent days has posed dangers to residents.
表示“面临威胁”,除了用文中的 face,我们还可以用更高级一点的表达:be exposed to,把文中表达改一下:
Chennai’s thirsty inhabitants may very well be exposed to long-term dangers from climate change.
在 climate change 后面,作者又加了一个定语从句,作进一步的补充:one effect of which is more erratic rainfall.
这里的 which 代指主句中的 climate change,one effect of which = one effect of climate change = 气候变化带来的一个影响是...。
erratic一词约等于unpredictable,麦克米伦词典对该词的解释是:changing often or not following a regular pattern,可以形容物,也可形容人,例如:
Trump is an erratic president whose actions are usually completely unpredictable.
③But while it is easy to blame both the city’s and India’s water woes on nature, a closer look reveals a legacy of poor management, lax laws and underinvestment.
虽然人们很容易将这座城市和印度的水资源短缺问题归咎于大自然,深入观察后则会发现这是先前管理不善、法律松弛与投资不足所造成的积弊。
③句进行转折过渡,讲了印度水资源问题的第三点原因——也是最重要的一点:管理问题。
这句话的大结构为:while it is easy to..., a closer look reveals...
尽管人们很容易...,但深入观察后却发现...
本句以形式主语(it is...)开头,将汉语句子中经常出现的主语“人们”省略掉,使句子更为精简,凸显主题。
其实这个道理我们在《如何通过回译学英文(3)》中讲过:在汉语中,“人们”往往并非讨论主题,而是为了保证句意完整而顺带交代。像这种情况,翻译成英文时就不用写"people"。当时的句子是:
There are growing concerns that overuse might lead to addiction and mental illness.
人们越来越担心过度使用屏幕设备会导致成瘾和精神疾病。
汉语的主语是“人们”,而英文直接用名词 concerns 就传递出“人们担忧”的含义,无须再加people。
这句话我们也可以当作转折写作句型积累下来:先用 while it is easy to...引出一个大众观点做铺垫,再用 a closer look reveals...转折过渡到自己的观点。比如,人们很容易把成功归因于天赋,但坚持不懈的踏实努力才是成功的关键。我们可以说:
While it is easy to attribute success to the brains, a closer look reveals persistent hard work as the key.
这个句型类似我们在《从最新一期经济学人中能学到哪些有趣的表达(1)》中讲到的 At first glance…; Take a closer look, though, and... 原句为:
At first glance the two states seem as different as a quinoa burger and beef brisket.
...
Take a closer look, though, and Texas looks more like a teenage California.
...
我们用这个句型把文中句子改一下:
At first glance, it is easy to blame both the city’s and India’s water woes on nature. Take a closer look, though, and they result from a legacy of poor management, lax laws and underinvestment.
看完句子结构,我们再来看前面的让步状语从句:
while it is easy to blame both the city’s and India’s water woes on nature
it is easy...表示“很容易...”,暗含转折意味(但实际上...)。
从句中有一个重要结构:blame A on B,把A归因于B,即A是结果,B是原因。
文中的A指 both the city’s and India’s water woes 金奈和印度的缺水问题。
这部分灵活地运用了熟词生义的手法,极为亮眼,woe 广义上可指代一切负面问题,是 problem的高级替换,常用复数。此处指代了water shortages,避免该词组反复出现,符合英文写作忌重复的原则。
如果表示“经济问题”,我们可以直接说 economic woes,想表达“雪上加霜”,我们可以说 make one’s woes worse.
文中 B 指的是 nature,自然(因素),指上文提到的 climate change。
所以 blame both the city’s and India’s water woes on nature 意思就是:将金奈和印度的缺水问题归咎于自然。
我们再来看主句:a closer look reveals a legacy of poor management, lax laws and underinvestment.
a closer look 形成了语义转折,和前面的 it is easy...构成某种契合。
legacy 原义指“遗产”,可引申为遗留问题(something such as a tradition or problem that exists as a result of something that happened in the past), 比如我们常说的“历史遗留问题”,翻译成英语就是 historical legacies. 举个例子:
These problems have arisen as a result of historical legacies.
这些问题是历史造成的。
再比如,在环保类写作中,我们可以说:
Future generations will be left with a legacy of pollution and destruction if we do not act now.
如果我们不立即采取行动,留给子孙后代的将是环境的污染与破坏。
文中 a legacy of...表示“...的遗留问题”,后面跟了三个成分:
第一个是 poor management;
第二个是 lax laws
第三个是 underinvestment
lax 修饰纪律、法律、政策,表示“宽松的,不严格的”,同 slack。
underinvestment也可写作under-investment,由前缀“under-”和词根“investment”组成。
在平常写作时,我们可考虑运用合适的前缀去组词,可使文字更为简洁有力。比如文中,表示“投资力度不足”,我们按照传统思维很可能说 a lack of investment,而文中通过前缀组词的方法,用一个词就表达出来了:underinvestment.
再比如,很多人认为他做一个乡村中学教师是大材小用,但这是源于他内心深处强烈的责任感。我们可以这样说:
Widely believed underemployed, he has been persuaded into taking the junior school teacher in outskirt areas as a permanent career for feeling a strong sense of responsibility.
很多人都觉得自己的工资太低,以前我们会说:... have low salaries,而用前缀组词法,可以说:... are underpaid. 用 underpaid 替换 low salaries,更加简洁利落。
所以文中 a legacy of poor management, lax laws and underinvestment 的意思是:管理不善、法律松弛和投资不足所造成的积弊。
④Most of the time, the two annual monsoons suffice to top up lakes and groundwater. ⑤The trouble comes when leaks spring in the system.
大多数时候,每年两次的季风足以填满湖泊和地下水。但当供水系统出现问题时,麻烦就来了。
④⑤两句是对③句的展开,详细论述了a legacy of poor management, lax laws and underinvestment是如何造成水资源短缺的。
④句中,annual 表示“年度的,每年的”,monsoon 指印度等南亚国家的“雨季,季风雨季”,注意读音 [mɔn'su:n]。
想表达“足够”时,我们往往会想到 be enough / adequate / sufficient to 等词组,而 suffice to 则更为正式简练。比如《新概念四》中有这么一句话:
Perhaps it will suffice to mention the nuclear bomb.
也许提一下核弹就足以证明了。
在写作中,如果我们要举一个例子来证明上述某个观点,就可以用到这个句型:Perhaps it will suffice to mention X. 或许提一下X就足以证明了。
例如:
Climate change poses an enormous threat to human beings. Perhaps it will suffice to mention heatwaves in recent days that have turned swathes of China, America and Europe into funaces.
气候变化给人类带来了巨大威胁。或许提一下最近几天把中国、美国、欧洲的大片地区变成火炉的高温天气就足以证明了。
再比如,和男朋友约会吃饭的时候,为了隐藏自己是大胃王的事实,你会对他说:
A light lunch will suffice.
一小份午餐就够了。
top up多与盛液体的容器搭配,意为使...装满,比如酒席中经常听到有人说“满上”,英文就是 top up the glass.
此外还可与抽象名词搭配,例如,在论述为什么要终身学习时,我们可以说:
As the world becomes automated, jobs risk being lost, which requires people to top up their human capital throughout their life to fend off being replaced.
top up their human capital 就是我们平时说的“给自己充电”。
所以,文中 two annual monsoons suffice to top up lakes and groundwater 的意思是:两次的年度季风降雨足够 (suffice to) 填满 (top up) 湖泊和地下水。
言外之意是,印度缺水不能怪自然。
那怪谁呢?
第⑤句给出答案:
The trouble comes when leaks spring in the system.
当系统出现问题时,麻烦就来了 / 就出现缺水问题了。
leak 本义是“漏洞,漏水”,这里取其引申义,代指的是前文提到管理不善等方面的问题(poor management, lax laws and underinvestment),既契合了文章语境,又精准表达了意思。
the system 在这里指整个供水系统。
spring 在这里作动词使用,有时可以和 leak 搭配,表示“漏水”,比如,The boat / container springs a leak. 这只船 / 这个容器漏水了。文中比喻系统“出现问题”。
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