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如何通过《经济学人》提高写作水平?

Soren 经济学人双语精读 2022-12-04

本文收录在公众号“干货-写作”专栏。

 
2021年6月19日的《经济学人》封面文章讲了网络安全问题,文中有很多表达和句型非常实用,值得学习。今天我和大家分享一些:


一、如何开头?如何引出主题?

 
文章开头以古今对比的方式,指出当今网络犯罪非常普遍,从而引出主题:

Twenty years ago, it might have been the plot of a trashy airport thriller. These days, it is routine. On May 7th cyber-criminals shut down the pipeline supplying almost half the oil to America’s east coast for five days. To get it flowing again, they demanded a $4.3m ransom from Colonial Pipeline Company, the owner.

20年前,这可能是一部无聊的机场书店的惊悚小说里的情节。如今,这很常见。5月7日,网络犯罪分子把一条输油管道关闭了五天,而这条管道运输了美国东海岸近一半的石油。为了使管道恢复运输,黑客要求管道所有者殖民管道公司(Colonial Pipeline Company)支付430万美元赎金。


第一句先通过 twenty years ago 引出过去的情况:不同寻常;第二句再通过 These days 引出现在的情况:routine 十分常见,然后再举几个例子,来说明网络犯罪十分普遍。
 
我们可以从中提炼出一个开头模板:
XX years ago, it might have been...(罕见/古怪). These days, however, it is routine / common.
先讲过去的情况,然后转折,指出现在情况,从而引出主题。

比如,在气候变化话题的写作中,我们开头可以这么写:
Decades ago, extreme climate events used to be rarely seen. These days, however, it has become a routine. In July, 2019, heatwaves have turned swathes of America and Europe into furnaces, killing thousands of people. And in the summer of 2020, floods hit south of China, resulting in a sharp drop in crop production.
数十年前,极端气候事件很罕见,而现在很常见。2019年7月,热浪把美国和欧洲大片地区变成了火炉,导致数千人死亡。在2020年夏天,洪水袭击了中国南方,导致农作物大量减产。
 
这段话共有4句,①②两句以古今对比的形式,指出极端气候事件由“罕见”变成“常见”,引出主题。然后③④两句举了美国欧洲高温天气和中国南方洪水的例子,来说明②句。
前两句靠句型,后两句靠平时积累,如果是在考试中想不起来,可以现编,只要不太离谱。
 
这种“古今对比→引出主题”的开头方式在外刊中很常见,比如《经济学人》中曾有过一篇关于网恋的文章,文章开头是这么写的:
①In the early 1990s the notion of meeting a partner online seemed freakish, and not a little pathetic. ②Today, in many places, it is normal.20世纪90年代早期,“网恋”的想法似乎很奇怪,而且非常可怜。但今天,在很多地方,它很正常。
①句以 In the early 1990s 讲了过去的情况:网恋很奇怪(freakish),然后②句以 Today 指出现在的情况:normal 很正常。


二、如何分析影响?

 
文章继续写道:

Such attacks are evidence of an epoch of intensifying cyber-insecurity that will impinge on everyone, from tech firms to schools and armies. One threat is catastrophe: think of an air-traffic-control system or a nuclear-power plant failing. But another is harder to spot, as cybercrime impedes the digitisation of many industries, hampering a revolution that promises to raise living standards around the world.

以上袭击说明我们已进入一个网络危险愈加严峻的时代,这会影响到每一个人,从科技公司到学校到军队。一个威胁是灾难性的:想一想空中交通管制系统或核电站瘫痪。但另一个威胁不易察觉:因为网络犯罪会妨碍很多行业实现数字化,这会阻碍一场有望提高世界各地生活水平的革命。


先看一些语言点:
epochera,指“时代”,an epoch of intensifying cyber-insecurity 的意思就是:网络不安全加剧的时代。
 
impinge on 指 to have a noticeable effect on sth / sb, especially a bad one “对...有明显影响”,举个例子:
He never allowed his work to impinge on his private life. 他从不让他的工作妨碍私生活。
也可以用 encroach on 替换:
He never allows work to encroach on his family life. 他从不让工作扰乱他的家庭生活。 
文中 that will impinge on everyone 的意思是:愈加严峻的网络不安全会对每个人都造成影响。
 
后面 from tech firms to schools and armies 中,from...to...是个常见的举例子的用法,可以翻译成“从...到...比如...”,一般是跨度比较大的例子。文中意思是:从科技公司到学校和军队。
 
an air-traffic-control system or a nuclear-power plant failing 中,failing 此处可理解成“故障、瘫痪”,总之是系统出了问题、无法正常工作。
 
最后 impedehamper 是一对同义词,表示 prevent 的意思,“阻碍、妨碍”,《经济学人》中曾有篇文章讲到了共享单车乱停乱放所带来的问题,里面出现了 impede 的否定形容词 unimpeded
The things pile up in parks, courtyards, alleyways and any available open space, often dumped carelessly on top of each other, sometimes making it difficult for pedestrians to walk down a street unimpeded.(The things 指的就是 shared bicycles)在公园里、院子里、胡同里以及任何可以使用的空地上,自行车堆积在一起,杂乱无章,路人难以畅行无阻。


a revolution that promises to raise living standards around the world 中,promise to 表示“可能会、有望”,后面加积极乐观的前景,这部分的意思是:有望提高全世界生活水平的革命。
 
我们可以从这段话中提炼出一组地道的写作句型,可用来分析对事物的影响:
...(具体的例子) are evidence of an epoch of...(主题/现象) that will impinge on everyone, from A to B and C. One threat is catastrophe: ......(影响1). Another is ......(影响2).
这些例子是...时代来临的证据,这会影响到每一个人,从 A 到 B 再到 C。其中一个威胁是灾难性的……,另一个威胁是……。
 
我们接着“气候变化”的例子来写:
Decades ago, extreme climate events used to be rarely seen. These days, however, it has become a routine. In July, 2019, heatwaves have turned swathes of America and Europe into furnaces, killing thousands of people. And in the summer of 2020, floods hit south of China, resulting in a sharp drop in crop production.
Such extreme weather is evidence of an epoch of climate change that will impinge on everyone, from individuals to tech firms and to governments. One threat is catastrophe: it will lead to more droughts, floods and heatwaves, causing deaths and economic loss. Another is harder to spot: as temperatures climb up, icebergs in both the Arctic and the Antarctic will melt down, driving sea levels up and submerging low altitude areas。
这些极端天气说明我们正进入气候变化的时代,这会影响到每一个人,从个人到科技公司再到政府。其中一个威胁是灾难性的:气候变化会导致更多旱灾、洪灾和高温天气,导致死亡和经济损失。另一个威胁难以察觉:随着温度升高,北极和南极的冰川都会融化,导致海平面上升,淹没低海拔地区。


三、bring sth to a standstill & a growing focus

 
文章中间还有这么一句话:

All countries have vulnerable physical nodes such as oil pipelines, power plants and ports whose failure could bring much economic activity to a standstill. The financial industry is a growing focus of cybercrime.

所有国家都有脆弱的物理节点,如输油管道、发电厂和港口,如果这些设施出了故障,可能会导致经济活动陷入停滞。金融行业日益成为网络犯罪的焦点。


bring... to a standstill 是个常见搭配,standstill 的意思是 a situation in which all activity or movement has stopped “停滞、停顿”,相当于 haltbring... to a standstill / halt 的意思是:使...陷入停顿。比如疫情使经济陷入停顿:
The pandemic has brought the economy to a standstill.
雷电暴雨使机场陷入停顿:
Rainstorms with thunder and lightening brought the airport to a standstill.
也可以用它来表示交通拥堵:
The traffic was brought to a complete standstill.交通完全陷入停滞、交通完全堵塞。


a growing focus 很好理解,字面意思是:日益增长的关注点,翻译时可灵活一点:日益受到关注。
我们在表达“日益受到关注”的概念时,最先想到的是 focus on sth more and more 或 sth gets more and more attention,而文中用了一个名词 a growing focus 就表达出来了,这一思路值得我们借鉴。
a growing focus 也非常实用,比如我们表达某个问题解决方案日益受到关注时,就可以说 XX has become a growing focus,造个句子:
Deforestation has become a growing focus.


再比如最近讨论激烈的严禁校外补习的政策:
With educational inequality becoming a growing focus, governments are  beginning to crack down on off-campus tutoring.随着教育不公日益受到人们的关注,政府开始打击校外培训。


今天就分享到这里,希望能帮到你们,感谢阅读!


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