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2002年对饶毅教授诺奖预言的点评

徐亦迅 药时代 2021-12-13





作者前言

【朝花夕拾】几位《“诺光灯”下的科学史掠影》系列文章的热心读者最近问我,从2006年开始在网上BBS论坛对诺奖预测的兴趣是否受了饶毅教授的影响。其实我当年在霍普金斯医学院读博期间,就喜欢与其他研究生和博士后午饭聊天时预测诺奖,那时候还不知道饶教授。2002年饶教授发表了这篇著名的生理或医学奖预测文章,我读后感觉与他很有共鸣,于是决定逐渐把这个与他共同的业余爱好从线下转到线上。 


饶教授这篇文章发表后第二天,他预测第15条中的Brenner、第7条中的Sulston,和第2条中的Horvitz,以秀丽线虫这个突破性模式生物为串联线索,分享了2002年度的生理或医学诺奖。我在2002年10月19日才读到饶教授的大作,在佩服他预测的准确度之余也想表达一些略微不同的科学史想法,于是就以群发邮件的形式与当时在美国学术界与工业界的“朋友圈”分享。这种即兴的点评并非专门的科普文章创作,当时为了节省时间,就用英语在饶教授文章的中文内容下点评批注。多年以后,这封电邮意外被我从雅虎邮箱里发掘了出来,与一些微信网友分享后,有人建议以公号文章形式发表。我在一番犹豫和征求了饶教授本人意见之后,决定通过《药时代》与科学史同好们分享。




二十一项值得获诺贝尔生理或医学奖的工作及科学家


作者:饶毅(写于2002年10月6日)


每年十月,是诺贝尔奖宣布获奖人的季节。2002年诺贝尔生理或医学奖在10月7日宣布。虽然评选委员会以外的人不能预计谁当年会得奖,一般来说,有相当一些人自己有判断,哪些人及其工作值得获奖。


就诺贝尔生理或医学奖来说,医学常有一些和临床有关的不容易预计,基础的多半大家公认,但是有时也出大家意外的,所以只可以列一个不全面的单子,这些人和工作在2002年10月6日前已经值得得奖,但是还没有得,由这个名单的长度也可以知道,因为这些突出工作的数量也就决定了他们不可能都得奖。后面几个工作,第19,20项可能因为时间过去而得不到,第21项很可能过一些时间再给(比如等十年也不算久)。如果这次名单里有以下科学家,也不会奇怪。
我还要说明一下,这样的预测不是特别难,能做这样预测的人成百上千,因为这是评价已经做出的研究。而预测未来研究领域和方向,则难。


(备注:以下内容中蓝色部分为徐博士的点评)


01Mario Capecchi(美国尤他大学U. Utah),发明基因剔除技术,肯定值得得奖,可能和其他1,2个做基因剔除(Oliver Smithies)或转基因动物的人合得,也有可能和第一个做出鼠胚胎干细胞的Gail Martin(美国旧金山加州大学UCSF)合得。
# These scientists have already been recognized by last year's Lasker Award, it's just a matter of time for them to receive the Nobel Prize.

02Bob Horvitz(美国麻省理工学院MIT),细胞凋亡的遗传机理,可能合得者是:AH Wylie或JFR Kerr其中之一(细胞凋亡的概念和电子显微镜下形态变化特征),Susanne Cory或Stanley Korsmeyer之一(Bcl-2在细胞凋亡中的作用)。得州大学西南医学中心的王晓东也有可能(细胞凋亡的生物化学机理)。另外如果不以细胞凋亡来看,而以线粒体新的功能来看,王晓东和Korsmeyer(甚至La Jolla癌症研究所John Reed)也是一个可能组合。
# Prof. Rao is prescient to list Bob Horvitz as the only certain Nobel laureate in apoptosis research.  Given the principle of recognizing only pioneers, I thought the 3 recipients might have been John Kerr, Andrew Wyllie, and Bob Horvitz (The senior author of the classic 1972 Kerr/Wyllie/Currie paper, Prof. Alastair Currie, passed away in 1994).  The other names won't qualify as pioneers.  Prof. Xiaodong Wang's discovery of cytochrome c and other key components of the apoptosome was the watershed event in the field, but it is very unlikely that there will be another prize for the biochemical mechanisms of apoptosis. At the end of the day, I think the Nobel Committee did a good job to circumvent the problem by awarding the study of C. elegans as a successful model organism.  The Brenner-Sulston-Horvitz combination makes sense.

03Mark Ptashne(美国纽约凯特菱癌症研究中心Sloan Kettering),基因调控的机理,发现第一个转录因子:原核细胞(细菌)的Lambda抑制子。可以单独,也可和Bob Tjian(钱泽南,UC Berkeley)合得。Ptashne做真核细胞转录调控的研究中,有北大留学生马俊的工作。


04

Elizabeth Blackburn(美国旧金山加州大学UCSF)和Carol Greider(美国霍普金斯大学Johns Hopkins),端粒子和端粒酶,Blackburn主要发现在UC Berkeley做,Greider那时是她的学生。另外有复旦的留学生余国良在Blackburn实验室做过一些早期工作。


# Discoveries made by Mark Ptashne and Bob Tjian might not reach the threshold of a Nobel prize.  Prof. Rao’s prediction for Blackburn & Greider is very solid, but I’d like to add the name Jack Szostak as the co-discoverer of telomerase.


05Roderick MacKinnon(美国洛克菲勒大学Rockefeller),钾离子通道的结构,可以单独,也可以合得(不确定合得者,如果就钾通道而言,旧金山加州大学UCSF的Lily Jan叶公杼和YN Jan詹裕农有可能;如果广义地给离子通道,美国西雅图华盛顿大学University of Washington的Bertil Hille有可能)。
# It'll be very difficult for the field of ion channels to win a Nobel prize, just too controversial to narrow down to 3 pioneers.

06Y. W. Kan 简悦威(美国旧金山加州大学UCSF),第一个提出可以用限制性内切酶片断多态性跟踪人类基因变异,使人类遗传学进入新时代,可以合得,也可以单独。
# The chance is very slim for the RFLP method to win a Nobel, PCR markers and radiation hybrid technique had much greater impact.  After the award for PCR in 1993, RFLP's time window was also closed.

07Eric Lander(美国麻省理工学院MIT),John Sulston (英国剑桥Cambridge, UK),Bob Wasterson (美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学Washington University),基因组研究。
# In the spirit of Alfred Nobel’s will, an engineering project like Human Genome Project (HGP) should never be awarded a prize unless there was a major scientific breakthrough or an important invention during the process.

08Roger Y. Tsien 钱永健(美国圣跌哥加州大学UCSD)和 Douglas C. Prasher(美国农业部麻州Otis植物保护中心),发明测定活细胞内分子的新方法。Tsien发明钙染料,Prasher发现绿色荧光蛋白GFP。
# The GFP technology and in vivo calcium imaging have revolutionized biological research, but it may take the Nobel Committee quite some time to award these works.

09Afred G. Knudson,肿瘤抑制基因,可能和Janet D. Rowley(美国芝加哥大学University of Chicago)和Bob Weinberg(麻省理工学院MIT)合得,华裔李文华(德州大学生物工程研究所)和Weinberg工作很近,有争议谁第一,Weinberg可能容易得,他以前因为癌基因错过一次和Bishop和Varmus合得的机会。
# For tumor suppressor gene (TSG) research to be awarded, Knudson and Weinberg would be a good combination.  Knudson was a pioneer to study retinoblastoma and Weinberg's lab cloned the Rb gene in 1986.  W.H. Lee's paper was published in 1987.  Bert Vogelstein may or may not be included, I'll say more likely not for two reasons:  (1) Although Arnold Levine's original work on p53 had errors, he's still recognized the pioneer of the p53 discovery.  Given the time precedence of Rb cloning, the Nobel Committee might pass over p53; (2) Vogelstein's lab has a Varmus-like co-PI Ken Kinzler, this might also complicate the picture of narrowing down to 3 laureates.

10John Gurdon(英国剑桥Cambridge,UK)和 Ian Wilmut(英国爱尔兰Roslin研究所),核转移,Gurdon是60年代第一个用成体细胞核成功克隆动物(蛙),Wilmut是九十第一个用类似方法克隆哺乳动物。
# Animal cloning is too early to be considered a Nobel prize.


11Pamela Bjorkman(美国加州理工学院Caltech),Jack Strominger(美国哈佛大学Harvard)和Emil Unanue(美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学Washington University),前二者发现MHC(主要组织相容性抗原复合体)结构,后者发现抗原呈现细胞。Bjorkman是和Don Wiley做研究生时的工作,Wiley如果不去世,应该得。
# If I remember correctly, the discovery of MHC has already been awarded a Nobel.  Why another one for the structure of MHC?  Membrane proteins are difficult to crystalize, but pioneering structural determination of the photosynthetic center has already been awarded.  So I don't think this area has a fair chance.

12Yasutomi Nishizuka(日本)和Michael Berridge(英国),细胞内信号转导分子,前者发现旦白激酶C,后者发现磷酸肌醇。
# No way for PKC and IP3 to be awarded after several prizes have already covered the field of signal transduction.


13

Aaron Ciechanover(以色列工学院Technion),Avram Hershko(以色列工学院Technion),Alexander Varshavsky(美国加州理工学院Caltech),发现蛋白质降解的生物化学机理。


# The field of ubiquitin and proteasome is very close to my heart!  Based on my personal bias (my Ph.D. thesis was on small ubiquitin-like proteins), I wish a ubiquitin Nobel will happen soon, most likely as a Chemistry prize.


14Judah Folkman(哈佛大学医学院)发现调节血管形成的分子。
# Judah Folkman is a trail-blazing pioneer, he deserves to be the sole winner of a Medicine Nobel Prize!


15Sydney Brenner 和 Seymour Benzer(美国加州理工学院Caltech),用遗传学方法研究发育,神经和行为。Brenner提出用C. elegans研究发育和神经,Benzer提出用果蝇做神经和行为。
# It is always regrettable to see Benzer passed over by the Nobel Committee, he did some elegant classical genetic experiments in bacteriophage.  As the mentor of L.Y. Jan and Y.N. Jan (Prof. Rao's Ph.D. thesis advisor), Benzer also made significant contributions to behavioral neuroscience.

16Marc Raichle(美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学Washington University),用正电子扫描(PET scan)做活体人影像检测,可能和发明改进fMRI(“功能性核磁共振”,或称“功能性磁共振影像”)的人合得。他们的工作是生物医学影像的重要发展。
# MRI surely deserves a Nobel prize someday given the fact that CT was awarded more than 20 years ago.  I’m not quite sure about PET scan, whose importance is clearly lower than CT or MRI.
17Luc Montagnier(法国)和Robert C. Gallo(美国),发现爱滋病毒。
# I don’t think the mere discovery of a new virus deserves a Nobel prize, plus Bob Gallo is a controversial figure.  If someone find a way to cure AIDS or develop an HIV vaccine someday, then he or she should be awarded.

18

Tim Bliss(英国)和Terje Lomo(挪威),发现长期性增强作用(LTP),推动高等动物学习记忆研究。这项奖,受Eric Kandel近年刚因为研究低等动物(海兔)学习记忆得奖而可能推后。


19Herbert Boyer(美国旧金山加州大学UCSF)和Stanley Cohen(美国斯坦福大学Stanford),发明重组DNA技术,开创生物工程时代。

# Paul Berg already shared the 1980 Chemistry Nobel for his work related to recombinant DNA.  Although I think Boyer & Cohen deserve a separate Medicine prize, the writing is on the wall that the Nobel Committee already moved on from the topic of recombinant DNA.

20Avaram Goldstein(美国斯坦福大学Stanford),Solomon Snyder(美国霍普金斯大学Johns Hopkins), John Hughes(英国帝国理工学院Imperial College of Science and Technology),发现痛觉的分子机理。Goldstein提出证明鸦片受体的方法,Snyder实验室的Candace Pert,纽约大学的Eric Simon和瑞典的Lars Terenius用Goldstein的方法发现鸦片受体,在英国苏格兰Aberdeen工作的John Hughes和导师Hans Kosterlitz发现第一个内源性鸦片肽。Kosterlitz已经去世。严格地说,李卓皓(Choh H Li,UC Berkeley)是第一个发现有镇痛作用的蛋白质,他在1964年发现B-Lipotropin 而且知道有镇痛作用,但未提出内源性的鸦片样物质概念,而且他已经去世多年了。
# There was an intriguing story behind the Pert-Snyder controversy, interested observers might enjoy reading Robert Kanigel’s 1986 book “Apprentice to Genius” for more details.  I have to say the chance for this area has already been passed due to many political reasons, we should simply forget it.

Apprentice to Genius(英文原版和中文译本的封面)


21RNA干扰,不一定会在近年发奖,可能等机理进一步搞清,但是发奖时会包括发现RNA干扰现象的人,有三个重要的候选人,如果不包括机理,就是他们,如果包括机理,那么只能在这三个里面选一俩个加上以后发现RNAi机理最重要的人。Ken Kemphues(美国康乃尔大学Cornell),Andy Fire(美国卡内基研究所Carnegie),Craig Mello(美国麻州大学University of Massachusetts)。Kemphues的工作是复旦留美学生郭苏做的。

# RNAi is very hot right now, but antisense RNA showed conceptual similarity.  It is very difficult to make a prediction in this area, we need the test of time.  But if RNAi gets recognized by the Nobel Committee in the future, I think Ken Kemphues won’t share the prize as he missed the opportunity of pursuing why the “negative control” sense strand in Su Guo’s antisense experiment also showed knockdown activity.


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