刊讯｜SSCI 期刊《第二语言研究》2024年第1-2期

SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH

Volume 40, Issue 1, January 2024

SECOND LANGUAGE RESEARCH（SSCI一区，2023 IF：1.9，排名：49/194）2024年第1-2期共刊文18篇。其中，2024年第1期共发文7篇，其中研究性论文7篇。研究论文涉及多语语法依赖关系研究、孤岛效应和敏感度、痕迹效应、介词从句、跨语言研究等；2024年第2期共发文11篇，其中研究性论文10篇，研究评论1篇。句法与信息结构相互作用、句法复杂度、修辞问题理解、跨语言影响、元音感知和产生、说话韵律的产生、依赖性解析、阅读研究、语料库标记等。欢迎转发扩散！

往期推荐：

目录

Special Issue: A-bar Dependencies

■Filler-gap dependencies in bi- and multilingual grammars: Findings, challenges, and unknowns, by S. Perpiñán and M. T. Putnam, Pages 3-17.

■ Island sensitivity in L2 learners: Evidence from acceptability judgments and event-related potentials, by L. Covey, R. Fiorentino and A. Gabriele, Pages 19-50.

■ Examining the source of island effects in native speakers and second language learners of English, by S. Aldosari, L. Covey and A. Gabriele, Pages 51-77.

■The source of the that-trace effect: New evidence from L2 English, by B. Kim and G. Goodall, Pages 79-102.

■The role of resumption in the acquisition of European Portuguese prepositional relative clauses by Chinese learners, by A. Espírito Santo, N. Alexandre and S. Perpiñán, Pages 103–138.

■Null-Prep as a systematic interlanguage phenomenon: Evidence from relative clauses, interrogatives, and sluicing constructions, by S. Perpiñán and A. Cardinaletti, Pages 139–169.

■ When covert modality sneaks into your grammar: wh-infinitives in American Norwegian, by M. Putnam and Å. Søfteland, Pages 171–194.

ARITICLES

■ Interaction between syntactic and information structure in the second language processing of Korean dative sentences, by H. Kim and S. H. Park, Pages 197–219.

■ Rhetorical question comprehension by Italian–German bilingual children, by M. Geiss, M. F. Ferin, T. Marinis and T. Kupisch, Pages 221–246.

■ Crosslinguistic influence in the conceptualization of motion events: A synthesis study on L2 acquisition of Chinese motion expressions, by S.-L. Wu, T. Nunome and J. Wang, Pages 247–269.

■ The relationship between perception and production of illusory vowels in a second language, by S. Y. Kim and J.-I. Han, Pages 271–300.

■ Dependency resolutions of null and overt subjects in English speakers’ L2 Chinese: Evidence for the cue-based model, by L. Xu and B. Yuan, Pages 301–325.

■ Scalar implicatures in adult L2 learners: A self-paced reading study, by J. Cho, Pages 327–350.

■ Syllable position effects in the perception of L2 Portuguese /l/ and /ɾ/ by L1-Mandarin learners, by C. Zhou and A. Rato, Pages 351–375.

■ Connectivity effects in pseudoclefts in L1 and L2 speakers of German, by J.-D. Drummer and C. Felser, Pages 377–397.

■ Investigating the relation between L2 pauses, syntactic complexity, and pause location: Longitudinal data from L2-Spanish study-abroad learners, by L. García-Amaya, Pages  399–429.

■ Methods for investigation of L2 speech rhythm: Insights from the production of English speech rhythm by L2 Arabic learners, by G. Algethami and S. Hellmuth, Pages  431–456.

REVIEW ARTICLES

■ The CELI corpus: Design and linguistic annotation of a new online learner corpus, by S. Spina, I. Fioravanti, L. Forti and F. Zanda, Pages 457–477.

摘要

Filler-gap dependencies in bi- and multilingual grammars: Findings, challenges, and unknowns

Sílvia Perpiñán, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Michael T. Putnam, Pennsylvania State University, USA; University of Greenwich (CREL), UK

Abstract This special issue revisits a classic topic in linguistic theory, A-bar movement, applied to developing and bilingual grammars. We claim that A-bar movement, or filler-gap dependencies, is still the quintessential linguistic phenomenon to illustrate the interaction between the biological endowment, the experience with language (past and present), and other cognitive considerations non-specific to the faculty of language (i.e. the three factors in language design discussed in contemporary Chomskyan approaches). These three factors are present in non-native and bilingual populations, in which asymmetries between grammatical knowledge and other factors are even more apparent, in such a way that we can observe the role of each of these components independently. The appearance of new data from unique populations of bilinguals and novel experimental methodologies justify the collection of articles gathered in this volume. These studies inform new and old theoretical debates about the accessibility to Universal Grammar (UG) in nonnative grammars, the relationship between the grammar and the parser, and the role of individual differences.

Key words A-bar movement, filler-gap dependencies, islands, relative clauses, that-trace effect, wh-movement

Island sensitivity in L2 learners: Evidence from acceptability judgments and event-related potentials

Lauren Covey, Montclair State University, USA

Robert Fiorentino, University of Kansas, USA

Alison Gabriele, University of Kansas, USA

Abstract This study investigates the processing of wh-dependencies in English by native speakers and advanced Mandarin Chinese-speaking learners. We examined processing at a filled gap site that was in a licit position (non-island) or located inside an island, a grammatically unlicensed position. Natives showed N400 in the non-island condition, which we take as evidence of gap prediction; no N400 emerged within the island. Learners yielded P600 in the non-island condition, suggesting learners did not predict a gap, but rather experienced syntactic integration difficulty. Like natives, learners showed no effects inside the island. Island sensitivity was also observed for both natives and learners in an offline acceptability judgment task. We also explored whether event-related potentials (ERP) responses were related to attentional control (AC), a cognitive ability that has been related to predictive processing in native speakers, in order to examine whether variability in processing in learners and native speakers is similarly explained. Results showed that increased AC was associated with larger N400s for natives and larger P600s for learners in the non-island condition, suggesting that increased AC may be related to prediction for natives and to integration effort for learners. Overall, learners demonstrated island sensitivity offline and online, suggesting that second language (L2) processing is indeed grammatically-guided. However, ERP results suggest that predictive processing in the resolution of wh-dependencies may be limited, at least for learners whose first language (L1) does not instantiate overt wh-movement.

Key words ERPs, individual differences, islands, sentence processing

Examining the source of island effects in native speakers and second language learners of English

Saad Aldosari, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia

Lauren Covey, Montclair State University, USA

Alison Gabriele, University of Kansas, USA

Abstract We investigate sensitivity to island constraints in English native speakers and Najdi Arabic learners of English, examining (1) whether second language (L2) learners whose native language (L1) does not instantiate overt wh-movement are sensitive to island constraints and (2) the source of island effects. Under a grammatical account of islands, these effects arise due to violations of syntactic constraints. Under the resource-limitation account, island effects arise due to processing difficulty. The source of island effects is interesting to examine in L2 learners because it is possible that reduced processing abilities in the L2 may lead to the low acceptance of sentences with island violations simply due to the complexity of the sentences themselves as opposed to an adherence to grammatical constraints. To tease apart these accounts, we followed Sprouse et al. in focusing on individual differences in working memory (WM). We used an acceptability judgment task (AJT) to quantify island sensitivity and an automated operation span task to measure WM. Building on Sprouse et al., the AJT tested four island types, but we made several modifications to the task design to address concerns raised by Hofmeister et al.: the stimuli included a ‘context’ sentence to improve the naturalness of the complex wh-sentences. The stimuli also included complex wh-fillers (e.g. which worker) as opposed to bare fillers (who), as semantically rich wh-phrases have been found to be easier to process. Our results showed that learners, like natives, exhibited island sensitivity, and there was no evidence that individual differences in WM modulated island sensitivity for either natives or learners. Our results are compatible with the grammatical view of island effects and suggest that wh-dependencies in both L1 and L2 grammars are similarly constrained by syntax.

Key words islands, second language acquisition, Najdi Arabic, syntax, wh-dependencies

The source of the that-trace effect: New evidence from L2 English

Boyoung Kim, KAIST, South Korea

Grant Goodall, UC San Diego, USA

Abstract  Recent approaches to the that-trace phenomenon in English include syntactic analyses based on the principle of Anti-locality and a sentence production analysis based on the Principle of End Weight. These analyses have many similarities, but they differ in their predictions for second language (L2) speakers. In an Anti-locality analysis, we expect L2 speakers to show a pattern very similar to first language (L1) speakers, with substantial degradation in acceptability for extraction of a subject from an embedded clause with that. In the Principle of End Weight analysis, we expect L2 speakers to display this same subject extraction degradation whether or not the embedded clause has that. A sentence acceptability experiment with L1 English speakers and two groups of L2 English speakers (L1 Korean and L1 Spanish) confirm the prediction of the Principle of End Weight analysis: the L1 speakers show degradation with subject extraction from a that-clause, while the L2 speakers do the same with clauses with and without that. These results form an interesting contrast with studies of island effects, which have generally found substantial L1~L2 similarities, and show how L2 data can be used as evidence to decide between competing analyses of L1 phenomena.

Key words acceptability, Aʹ-dependency, comp-trace, experimental syntax, L2 syntax, processing, production, that-trace, wh-movement

The role of resumption in the acquisition of European Portuguese prepositional relative clauses by Chinese learners

Ana Espírito Santo, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Nélia Alexandre, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Sílvia Perpiñán, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Abstract This article reports on an experimental study on the acquisition of prepositional relative clauses in second language European Portuguese by Chinese native speakers. It focuses on the role of resumption, mandatory in prepositional relative clauses in Chinese (the native language of the learners) and non-conventional in European Portuguese (the target language). Results of an oral production task and two online acceptability judgment tasks indicated that resumption does not transfer from the native language, and that Chinese learners of European Portuguese employ movement structures to produce and process relative clauses. Additionally, results showed that resumptive pronouns do not rescue or ameliorate ungrammatical extractions from islands, contrary to what is traditionally assumed in grammatical theory. This finding was kept constant across participants, native and non-native. Overall, we conclude that second language speakers are able to select and reassemble movement features in their non-native language and use similar processing mechanisms as native speakers to analyse island configurations.

Key words null-prep, pied-piping, prepositional relative clauses, resumptive pronouns, syntactic islands

Null-Prep as a systematic interlanguage phenomenon: Evidence from relative clauses, interrogatives, and sluicing constructions

Sílvia Perpiñán, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain

Anna Cardinaletti, Ca’ Foscari University, Italy

Abstract This study attempts to explain a systematic phenomenon that has been described in interlanguage grammars crosslinguistically: Null-Prep, which consists of omitting the obligatory preposition in certain movement constructions. We propose that Null-Prep is not related to lack of knowledge of wh-movement, as previously assumed, but to structural complexity; indeed, we consider Null-Prep a movement-derived structure. With evidence from prepositional relative clauses, wh-interrogatives, and sluicing constructions in first language (L1) and second language (L2) Spanish (English and Arabic L1s), we predict the potential appearance of the Null-Prep with a two-way complexity hierarchy that takes into account the syntactic position displaced, as well as its derivational complexity, in such a way that we calculate Null-Prep to occur more often in Relative Clauses, followed by Sluicing, and finally by Questions. This scalar phenomenon uniformly applies to all participants, native and L2 learners, emphasizing its universal nature.

Key words L2 Spanish, null-prep, pied-piping, relative clauses, sluicing, wh-movement

When covert modality sneaks into your grammar: wh-infinitives in American Norwegian

Michael Putnam, Pennsylvania State University, USA & The University of Greenwich (CREL), UK

Åshild Søfteland, Høgskolen i Østfold, Norway

Abstract American Norwegian (AmNo), a moribund heritage variety of Norwegian spoken predominantly in the Upper Midwest of the US, licenses wh-infinitives (i.e. indirect questions), which are structures that are not acceptable in either standard Norwegian Bokmål or Norwegian dialects. Adopting a spanning-account of syntax (Blix, 2021; Julien, 2021; Svenonius, 2016), we propose that wh-elements in AmNo can encode covert modality (similar to what is found in English indirect questions). We discuss these results and their impact on our understanding of the nature of syntactic change and the interaction of spanning in combination with Aʹ-movement in heritage language syntax.

Key words filler-gap dependency, heritage Norwegian, modality, syntax–semantics interface, wh-infinitive

Interaction between syntactic and information structure in the second language processing of Korean dative sentences

Hyunwoo Kim, Yonsei University, South Korea

Sun Hee Park, Ewha Womans University, South Korea

Abstract It remains an open question whether second language (L2) learners can process linguistic properties at the syntax–discourse interface. This study examines this issue in the context of the L2 processing of Korean dative sentences under different information structure requirements. Given that discourse constraints associated with information structure tend to manifest more strongly in noncanonical than in canonical structures, we tested whether L2 learners of Korean show sensitivity to such constraints during online processing. In a story-continuation task, both native and nonnative speaker groups showed a strong preference for producing canonical dative patterns, indicating their comparable knowledge of the canonical status of Korean dative sentences. In a self-paced reading task, both groups spent longer reading times when the word order of dative sentences did not follow given–new information structure, but only for the noncanonical and not the canonical structure. These results suggest that L2 processing of dative structures at the syntax–discourse interface relies on the same parsing architecture that guides native-speaker processing.

Key words information structure, Korean dative construction, second language processing, self-paced reading, syntax–discourse interface

Rhetorical question comprehension by Italian–German bilingual children

Miriam Geiss

Maria F Ferin

Theo Marinis, University of Reading, UK

Tanja Kupisch, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway

University of Konstanz, Germany

Abstract  This study investigates for the first time the comprehension of rhetorical questions (RhQs) in bilingual children. RhQs are non-canonical questions, as they are not used to request information, but to express the speaker’s belief that the answer is already obvious. This special pragmatic meaning often arises by means of specific prosodic and lexical-syntactic cues. Being childhood learners, children have to acquire the concept of rhetoricity, but being bilinguals, they further need to acquire the different cues marking RhQs in their two languages. We tested 85 bilingual children (aged 6–9 years) with Italian as heritage language (HL) and German as majority language (ML) in both of their languages, using a forced-choice comprehension task. Our results show that RhQ comprehension improves with age in both languages. Bilingual children are able to exploit prosodic and syntactic cues to comprehend RhQs in their ML and HL with a slight advantage in the ML. This advantage could be either an effect of the cues used in the experiments in the two languages or of a higher proficiency in the ML. In addition, our results point to a later acquisition of prosodic rhetorical cues, which has implications for bilingual acquisition of non-canonicity in general.

Key words bilingualism, cue transfer, prosody, rhetorical questions, syntax

Crosslinguistic influence in the conceptualization of motion events: A synthesis study on L2 acquisition of Chinese motion expressions

Shu-Ling Wu, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, USA

Takako Nunome, Nagoya University, Japan

Jun Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Abstract As Chinese shows both satellite- and verb-framed properties (Slobin, 2004; Talmy, 2012, 2016), it provides a unique lens through which to observe the extent of first-language (L1) typological influence in second language (L2) acquisition of motion expressions. This study has dual purposes. First, it extends Wu’s (2016) investigation on motion expressions produced by 80 L1 satellite-framed English learners of L2 Chinese to include newly collected data produced by L1 verb-framed speakers, a sample comprised of 41 L1 Japanese learners of Chinese and 40 Japanese native speakers. Second, it synthesizes the data from both studies and comprehensively examines factors that have been proposed to affect development of L2 thinking-for-speaking (TFS) patterns. The results show that development of L2 TFS is best predicted by learners’ L1 type, but the effect is mitigated by L2 proficiency. While the L1 English learners outperform L1 Japanese learners in their development of target-like L2 Chinese TFS, learners with limited L2 proficiency in both groups tend to adopt verb-framed strategies to express only the core path information of a motion event and leave out the manner details. Analysis of L1 Japanese learners’ oral narratives in L1 Japanese and L2 Chinese also shows that reverse L2-to-L1 transfer is less likely to happen when learning a typologically closer L2 that requires minimal restructuring of their L1 TFS.

Key words bidirectional transfer, equipollently-framed language, L2 Chinese, motion events, thinking-for-speaking hypothesis

The relationship between perception and production of illusory vowels in a second language

Song Yi Kim,  Jeong-Im Han

Konkuk University, South Korea

Abstract  Korean learners of English are known to repair consonant clusters, which are not allowed in their native language, with an epenthetic vowel [ɨ]. The purpose of the present study is to examine whether the perception–production link of such an illusory vowel in a second language (L2) is only within and not across processing levels, as proposed in a previous study regarding L2 segments. We assessed the perception and production of English onset clusters by Korean learners and native English speakers at the prelexical (AX discrimination and pseudoword read-aloud tasks) and lexical (lexical decision and picture-naming tasks) levels, using the same participants and stimuli across the tasks. Results showed that accuracy in not producing an epenthetic vowel between the two consonants of onset cluster was not significantly associated with accurate perception of the cluster either within or across processing levels. The results suggest that production and perception accuracy in L2 phonotactics are independent to a certain extent.

Key words illusory vowels, Korean, L2 English, L2 phonotactics, perception–production link

Dependency resolutions of null and overt subjects in English speakers’ L2 Chinese: Evidence for the cue-based model

Lilong Xu,

Boping Yuan, University of Cambridge, UK

Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China

Abstract This study investigates whether there are different first-language–second-language (L1–L2) dependency resolutions by focusing on less-studied crosslinguistic variances in L2 acquisition of Chinese, a null-subject language, by speakers of English, a non-null-subject language. The overt subject pronoun of a Chinese main clause has free orientation and its antecedent can be the subject or object of the preceding causal subordinate clause, depending on pragmatic biases. The null subject of a Chinese main clause, however, is subject-oriented, and this subject orientation is not affected by any pragmatic bias. English does not allow null subjects and, like Chinese, overt subject pronouns in English have free orientation. An acceptability judgement task and an interpretation task were adopted, and the results suggest that only the free orientation of overt subjects, but not the subject orientation of null subjects, is acquirable for English-speaking learners; they are found to be influenced by the pragmatic bias. This provides evidence for the cue-based model (Cunnings, 2017), which states that L1–L2 differences in dependency resolution can be explained in terms of L1–L2 differences in susceptibility to interference and L2 ers’over-reliance on discourse-based/pragmatic cues. It is also observed that in L1 Chinese, competition between the target antecedent and distractors occurs during the reading of the sentence, while in L2 Chinese, this occurs after the reading of the sentence. These findings add to our growing understanding of different mechanisms in L1 vs. L2 dependency resolutions.

Key words cue-based model, L2 dependency resolutions, null/overt subjects, syntactic/pragmatic cues

Scalar implicatures in adult L2 learners: A self-paced reading study

Jacee Cho, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Abstract Using self-paced reading, the present study compared native English and adult L1-Korean–L2-English speakers’ processing behaviors during online comprehension of underinformative scalar sentences and non-scalar sentences like Some/All elephants have trunks and ears. Results indicate that native speakers showed online sensitivity (i.e. slower reading) to underinformative scalar sentences relative to non-scalar sentences, but second language (L2) speakers did not. These results are interpreted in support of the Relevance Theory claim that scalar implicature generation is modulated by contextual and individual factors, in particular by the language condition, that is, whether sentences are presented in L1-English versus L2-English.

Key words L2 processing behaviors, scalar implicature, scalar quantifiers, self-paced reading

Syllable position effects in the perception of L2 Portuguese /l/ and /ɾ/ by L1-Mandarin learners

Chao Zhou, Center of Linguistics, University of Lisbon, Portugal

Anabela Rato, University of Toronto, Canada 

Abstract  This study reports syllable position effects on second language (L2) Portuguese speech perception, revealing that L2 segmental learning may be prone to an influence from the suprasegmental level. The results show that first language (L1) Mandarin learners had diminished performance on the discrimination between the target Portuguese liquids (/l/ and /ɾ/) and their position-dependent deviant productions, suggesting that the cause of their perceptual confusability differs across syllable positions. Another syllabic position effect was attested in the acquisition order (/l/onset > /l/coda, /ɾ/coda > /ɾ/onset), demonstrating that an L2 sound is not mastered equally in all positions. Furthermore, we also observed that an increase in L2 experience affected only the perceptual identification accuracy of [l], but not of [ɾ]. This seems to suggest that L2 experience may exert different degrees of impact, depending on the L2 segments. Both theoretical and methodological implications of these results are discussed.

Key words L1 Mandarin, L2 European Portuguese, L2 experience, speech perception and production, liquids, syllable position

Connectivity effects in pseudoclefts in L1 and L2 speakers of German

Janna-Deborah Drummer, Claudia Felser

University of Potsdam, Germany

Abstract This study investigates the hypothesis that non-isomorphic syntax–semantics mappings pose a greater challenge for non-native (L2) than for native (L1) speakers, focusing on a previously understudied phenomenon. We carried out an antecedent judgment task with L1 German and L1 Russian-speaking, proficient L2 learners of German to examine Condition C connectivity effects in German pseudoclefts. Binding Condition C constrains the interpretation of cataphoric pronouns such that they cannot be interpreted as coreferential with a referential expression within their scope. In specificational pseudoclefts such as What she liked was Jane’s office, Condition C effects can be observed in the absence of the required structural configuration, indicating that these effects result from the computation of a non-isomorphic semantic representation. For superficially similar – but semantically different – predicational pseudoclefts, no connectivity effects are expected. While the L1 speakers’ judgements showed the expected selective Condition C effect, the L2 speakers showed an across-the-board effect, with their antecedent judgements based on surface-level cues to cataphoric pronoun resolution and not affected by the semantic differences between the two types of pseudocleft. These findings support the claim that establishing syntax–semantics mappings is more difficult in a non-native than in a native language if there is no one-to-one correspondence between form and interpretation.

Key words antecedent judgement task, cataphoric pronouns, Condition C, connectivity effects, German, non-native language comprehension, pseudoclefts, syntax–semantics mappings

Investigating the relation between L2 pauses, syntactic complexity, and pause location: Longitudinal data from L2-Spanish study-abroad learners

Lorenzo García-Amaya, University of Michigan, USA

Abstract  Inverse relations, or ‘trade-off effects’, are a common outcome of interlanguage development: a learner may increase performance in one linguistic domain while simultaneously decreasing performance in another. In this study, we investigate the relationships between one aspect of fluency (pause usage) and two aspects of syntactic complexity (utterance length and subordination) in relation to the location of pauses (between-clause or within-clause) in second-language (L2) oral narratives. The longitudinal analysis is based on monologic data produced by 16 English-speaking L2 learners of Spanish who participated in a seven-week study-abroad program in Spain. Overall, the learners decreased their silent-pause rate over the course of the program while concurrently increasing their number of syntactically complex clauses. Notably, the data suggest a systematic trade-off between pausing and complexity: the learners consistently produced more pauses (i.e. decreased fluency performance) during the elocution of the most complex clauses involving clausal subordination (i.e. increased complexity performance) in comparison to utterances lacking such subordination. We contextualize the findings within models of oral production and discuss how this research generates new insight into the processing factors that modulate pause usage in L2 speech.

Key words fluency, pauses, Spanish, study-abroad, subordination, syntactic complexity, trade-offs

Methods for investigation of L2 speech rhythm: Insights from the production of English speech rhythm by L2 Arabic learners

Ghazi Algethami, Taif University, Saudi Arabia

Sam Hellmuth, University of York, UK

Abstract  Rhythm metrics can detect second language development of target-like speech rhythm but interpretation of the results from metrics in learners’ speech is problematic because the mapping of metrics to underpinning phonological features is indirect. We investigate speech rhythm in first language (L1) Arabic / second language (L2) English, which differ in key properties contributing to the percept of rhythm: unstressed vowel reduction and syllable structure. Our production data are interpreted using additional measures, of stressed and unstressed vowels and of consonant cluster realization, alongside standard rhythm metrics; this combination facilitates disambiguation of competing interpretations of the metric results. The findings confirm the importance of using multiple rhythm metrics to study L2 speech rhythm and demonstrate how simple additional measures can guide interpretation of their results. In this study the metrics results showed that the speech produced by the L2 speakers, regardless of their length of residence in the UK, exhibited lower vocalic durational variability than the speech produced by the native Arabic and English speakers. However, closer inspection of the degree of vowel reduction by the native and nonnative groups confirms that no single metric captures the complex nature of the observed L2 rhythm patterns. Future L2 studies are advised not to draw firm conclusions about the degree of vowel reduction and consonant cluster realization in L2 speech based solely on the results of the rhythm metrics.

Key words Arabic, English, rhythm, metrics, unstressed vowels, vowel reduction

The CELI corpus: Design and linguistic annotation of a new online learner corpus

Stefania Spina, Irene Fioravanti, Luciana Forti, Fabio Zanda

University for Foreigners of Perugia, Italy

Abstract This article introduces the CELI corpus, a new learner corpus of written Italian consisting of ca. 600,000 tokens, evenly distributed among CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) proficiency levels B1, B2, C1 and C2. The collected texts derive from the language certification exams administered by the University for Foreigners of Perugia all around the world. The corpus contains rich metadata pertaining to text-related and learner-related variables. It expands the domain of learner corpora by being, among other things, both freely available online to the research community, and by focusing on a target language other than English. The article also presents and evaluates the POS-tagging procedure, thus contributing to best practices in learner corpus annotation.

Key words learner corpus, annotation, POS-tagging, Italian L2

期刊简介

Second Language Research is aninternational peer-reviewed, quarterly journal, publishing originaltheory-driven research concerned with second (and additional) languageacquisition and second language performance. This includes both experimentalstudies and contributions aimed at exploring conceptual issues. In addition toproviding a forum for investigators in the field of non-native languagelearning, it seeks to promote interdisciplinary research which linksacquisition studies to related non-applied fields such as neurolinguistics,psycholinguistics, theoretical linguistics, bilingualism, and first languagedevelopmental psycholinguistics.

《第二语言研究》是一本国际同行评议的季刊，发表了与第二语言习得和第二语言表现有关的原创理论研究。这包括实验研究和旨在探索概念问题的贡献。除了为非母语学习领域的研究者提供一个论坛外，它还寻求促进跨学科研究，将习得研究与相关的非应用领域联系起来，如神经语言学、心理语言学、理论语言学、双语和第一语言发展心理语言学。

Note that studies of foreign languageteaching and learning are outside the scope of Second Language Research, unlessthey make a substantial contribution to understanding the process and nature ofsecond language acquisition. Types of publications include full-length researcharticles (about 9,000 words), research notes (about 4,000 words), reviewarticles of recent books or timely topics (about 5,000 words), discussion andcommentary (about 5,000 words), invited keynote articles (about 11,000 words)and guest-edited, thematic issues.
请注意，外语教学研究不属于第二语言研究的范畴，除非它们对理解第二语言习得的过程和性质做出了重大贡献。出版物类型包括全文研究文章（约9000字）、研究笔记（约4000字）、近期书籍或及时主题的评论文章（约5000字）、讨论和评论（约5000字）、邀请发表的主题文章（约11000字）和客座编辑的主题问题。

This journal is a member of the Committeeon Publication Ethics (COPE).

本期刊是出版伦理委员会（COPE）的成员。

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