中级美国英语43：虚拟语气（三）

一.本课要点及示例

在这一课里, 我们学习用 "如果" if, i-f, if 和过去完成时态作句子来表示跟过去事实相反的条件和结果.比方,"当时我要是看见了你,我一定会跟你打招呼的."这句话英文应该这样说: If I had seen you. I certainly would have said hello to you. 下面我们念一段对话, 多举几个例子给你听.这段对话的内容是说凯特跟同事比尔谈起了他们小时候上历史课的事情. 请你注意听两位英文老师的发音和语调.

M: When did you decide to be a school teacher,Kate? 
F: When I was in grade school, I had a teacher who I liked very much. I wanted to be like
　 she was. 
M: What made her so special? 
F: She used to make things interesting and exciting to learn. 
M: Like what? 
F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was ascinating. M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. Our
　 teacher just taught names and dates. 
F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher. 
M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher instead of a
　 gym teacher.

现在我们把对话再念一遍给你听. 这次老师念得比较慢, 请你注意听.

M: When did you decide to be a school teacher,Kate? 
F: When I was in grade school, I had a teacher who I liked very much. I wanted to be like
　 she was. 
M: What made her so special? 
F: She used to make things interesting and exciting to learn. 
M: Like what? 
F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was ascinating. M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. Our
　 teacher just taught names and dates. 
F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher. 
M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher instead of a
　 gym teacher.

下面两位老师把对话里包含了今天要学的语法的句子挑出来,再念一遍给你听.

F: If you had heard her history lessons, you would have thought that history was ascinating. M: If you had been in our history class, you would have found history very boring. 
F: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become something besides a teacher. 
M: If I had been in your class, maybe I would have become a history teacher.

二.用 IF 引导跟过去事实相反的情况

听了上面那些句子, 我想你已经注意到怎么样用过去完成时态作句子来表达跟过去事实相反的情况. 现在我们开始作练习, 多学学这种说法. 第一组练习的作法是比尔用过去时态说明发生在过去的事情. 凯特就用过去完成时态作假设性句子, 说明如果比尔过去那么作了, 他可能会有什么结果. 下面就是一
个例子:

M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a history teacher.
F: If you had been in my class,maybe you would have become a history teacher.

现在请你一边听句子的意思, 一边注意语法的变化.

M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a history teacher. 
F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have become a history teacher. 
M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was fascinating. 
F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was fascinating. 
M: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was exciting. 
F: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was exciting.

下面改由凯特念过去时态句子;比尔念的是假设性句子.还是请你注意听.

F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't become a gym teacher. 
M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have become a gym teacher. 
F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was boring. 
M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was boring. 
F: I wasn't in your class. I didn't think that history was just names and dates. 
M: If you had been in my class, maybe you would have thought that history was just names
　 and dates.

在刚才那组练习里我们用 "也许" maybe 加上 would 再加上完成时态作了一些假设性句子, 这种说法也可以改用 might 加上完成时态来表达. 比方:Maybe he would have become a history teacher. 可以改为 He might have become a history teacher. 下面我们作一组练习把这两种说法作个比较.首先请你注意听老师用第一种说法说一句话,然后请你跟学生一起改用代名词跟第二种说法把那句话表达出来.下面就是一个例子:

M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have become a history teacher.
F: If he had been in her class, he might have become a history teacher.

现在我们开始作练习.

M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have become a history teacher. 
F: If he had been in her class, he might have become a history teacher. 
M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have thought that history was 　　　　　　 fascinating. 
F: If he had been in her class, he might have thought that history was fascinating. 
M: If Bill had been in Kate's class, maybe he would have thought that history was exciting. 
F: If he had been in her class, he might have thought that history was exciting. 
M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have become a gym teacher. 
F: If she had been in his class, she might have become a gym teacher. 
M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have thought that history was boring. 
F: If she had been in his class, she might have thought that history was boring. 
M: If Kate had been in Bill's class, maybe she would have thought that history was just
　 names and dates. 
F: If she had been in his class, she might have thought that history was just names and
　 dates.

下面我们用美国历史作例子, 学学跟过去事实相反的说法. 练习的作法是老师用过去时态说出美国历史上的一项事实,比方"移民来到美洲; 殖 民地因此成立." The immigrants¹ came to America. The colonies² were established. 学生就把句子改成:"如果移民没有到美洲, 殖民地就不会成立." If the immigrants
hadn't come to America, the colonies wouldn't have been established.在这组练习里有些新词汇，比方 "压迫" oppress³, "革命" revolution,"打败" defeat,"奴隶"slave 等等. 请你注意听. 学生作句子的时候请你也一起作.

M: The immigrants came to America. The colonies were established. 
F: If the immigrants hadn't come to America, the colonies wouldn't have been established. 
M: The taxes were raised.The colonists⁴ were unhappy. 
F: If the taxes hadn't been raised, the colonists wouldn't have been unhappy. 
M: The colonists were oppressed⁵. There was a revolution. 
F: If the colonists hadn't been oppressed, there wouldn't have been a revolution. 
M: The colonists fought the revolution against the British. They gained independence. 
F: If the colonists hadn't fought the revolution against the British, they wouldn't have 　　 gained independence. 
M: The colonists gained independence. The U.S. became a country. 
F: If the colonists hadn't gained independence, the U.S. wouldn't have become a country. 
M: France needed money. It sold a piece of land to the U.S. 
F: If France hadn't needed money, it wouldn't have sold a piece of land to the U.S. 
M: The U.S. bought that piece of land. The size of the U.S. doubled. 
F: If the U.S. hadn't bought that piece of land, the size of the U.S. wouldn't have doubled. M: People of Texas fought a war against Mexico. They became independent. 
F: If people of Texas hadn't fought a war against Mexico, they wouldn't have become
　 independent. 
M: Texas became independent. It joined the U.S. 
F: If Texas hadn't become independent, it wouldn't have joined the U.S. 
M: The U.S. defeated Mexico. California and New Mexico became part of the U.S. 
F: If the U.S. hadn't defeated Mexico, California and New Mexico wouldn't have become part 　 of the U.S. 
M: The North won the Civil War. Slaves were freed. 
F: If the North hadn't won the Civil War, slaves wouldn't have been freed. 
M: Russia sold Alaska to the U.S. It became an American state. 
F: If Russia hadn't sold Alaska to the U.S., it wouldn't have become an American state.

现在我们再来练习怎么表达跟过去事实相反的条件和结果.下面我们还是请老师用过去时态说出美国历史上的一些事迹, 比方 "英国宣称北美洲部分土地属于他们. 因此加拿大没有变成美国的一部分." England claimed part of North America.Canada didn't become part of the U.S. 请你用 might 把句子改成
"如果英国没有宣称北美洲部分土地属于他们, 加拿大就可能变成美国的一部分." If England hadn't claimed part of North America, Canada might have become part of the U.S.这组练习里也有一些有用的词汇, 比方 "解决" settle,"歧见" difference, "妥协" compromise⁶, "反对" oppose. "避免" prevent 等等,请你在作练习的时候特别注意听. 你每作完一句老师就会念正确答案给你听.

现在我们开始.

M: England claimed part of North America. Canada didn't become part of the U.S. 
F: If England hadn't claimed part of North America, Canada might have become part of the 　　 U.S. 
M: England and the U.S. settled their differences.They didn't go to war. 
F: If England and the U.S. hadn't settled their differences, they might have gone to war. 
M: England and the U.S. compromised⁷. They didn't fight against each other. 
F: If England and the U.S. hadn't compromised, they might have fought against each other. 
M: The South opposed President Lincoln's policy. The Civil War couldn't be prevented. 
F: If the South hadn't opposed President Lincoln's policy, the Civil War might have been
　 prevented. 
M: The South was defeated. The U.S. didn't become two countries. 
F: If the South hadn't been defeated, the U.S. might have become two countries.

三.听短文回答问题

今天我们要听的文章简单谈到美国建国的经过; 文章里许多词汇和句子都是我们刚才练习过的. 现在请你注意听. 等一会我们要根据文章内容问你几个问题.

Compared to the history of China, the history of the United States is quite short. It began
little more than 200 years ago. In 1776, 13 colonies located on the eastern coast of North
America declared independence and fought a revolution against the British. In 1783 the
colonists won the revolution and gained their independence. 
After the revolution, the United States bought a large section of country from Napoleon
of France. This purchase doubled the size of the United States. Napoleon needed money
for his European wars. If he hadn't needed that money, the United States might have
stayed a small country. Texas and most of what is now the southwestern part of the United
States belonged to Mexico. The people of Texas fought a revolution against Mexico. 
They became independent and joined the United States. Later, the United States and
Mexico went to war. If Mexico had defeated the United States, in that war, California and
New Mexico would have been part of Mexico today. 
The British and the Americans both claimed the northwestern part of the country. They
settled their differences with a compromise. South of the 49th parallel⁸ was the United States. 
North of the 49th parallel was Canada which was controlled by England. 
In 1861 one-half of the United States did go to war with the other half. This was the Civil War. 
President Lincoln wanted to free slaves. He was supported by the North but opposed
by the South. The South wanted to separate from the rest of the country and become
independent. After 4 years of war, the South was defeated. 
Following the Civil War, the United States bought Alaska from Russia. At that time many
people didn't think Alaska was important, but today it is the largest state in the country and a very important one too.

现在请你回答下面三个问题. 你回答之后, 老师会念出正确答案给你听,让你作个比较, 看你答对了没有.

第一个问题是: 
M: How did the United States become a country? 
F: Colonists defeated the British in a revolution.

第二个问题是: 
M: Which countries have sold land to the U.S.? 
F: France and Russia have sold land to the U.S.

第三个问题是: 
M: What was the outcome⁹ of the U.S.-Mexican War? 
F: Mexico was defeated. California and New Mexico became part of the U.S.

1 immigrants
n.移民( immigrant的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Illegal immigrants were given the opportunity to regularize their position. 非法移民得到了使其身份合法化的机会。 Immigrants from all over the world populate this city. 这个城市里生活着来自世界各地的移民。 来自《简明英汉词典》

2 colonies
n.殖民地( colony的名词复数 )；（侨民等）聚居区；（动植物的）群体；（来自同一地方，职业或兴趣相同的）聚居人群
参考例句：
They amassed huge wealth by plundering the colonies. 他们通过掠夺殖民地聚敛了大笔的财富。 来自《简明英汉词典》 But throughout the colonies, people relied primarily on small farms and self-sufficiency. 但就整个殖民地来说，人们主要依靠小型农场，过着自给自足的生活。 来自英汉非文学 - 政府文件

3 oppress
v.压迫，压制某人，使（心情等）沉重，使烦恼
参考例句：
A good ruler will not oppress the poor.好的统治者不会压迫贫民。 The imperialists exploit and oppress all the peoples of the world.帝国主义者剥削和压迫全世界人民。

4 colonists
n.殖民地开拓者，移民，殖民地居民( colonist的名词复数 )
参考例句：
Colonists from Europe populated many parts of the Americas. 欧洲的殖民者移居到了美洲的许多地方。 来自《简明英汉词典》 Some of the early colonists were cruel to the native population. 有些早期移居殖民地的人对当地居民很残忍。 来自《简明英汉词典》

5 oppressed
adj. 被压迫的，郁闷的 动词oppress的过去式和过去分词
参考例句：
It'seemed that the realisation of his life's dream oppressed him with overjoy. 夙愿得偿似乎使他欣喜若狂。 The bad eggs wielded power, while the good people were oppressed. 坏人当道，好人受气

6 compromise
n.妥协；妥协方案；vt.损害；vi.妥协，让步
参考例句：
The spokesman made it clear that no compromise was yet in sight.发言人表明，目前还不会妥协。 The probable outcome of the talks is a compromise.会谈的结果很可能是妥协。

7 compromised
[医]妥协，让步的，缺乏抵抗力的，缺乏免疫力的，妥协的
参考例句：
They compromised by going to the cinema. 他们采取折中的办法去看电影。 来自《简明英汉词典》 The government has compromised with its critics over monetary policies. 政府已经就货币政策向批评人士作出让步。 来自辞典例句

8 parallel
n.相似处；平行线；纬线；adj.平行的；类似的
参考例句：
This is the parallel points in the characters of different men.这就是不同人物间个性上的类似之处。 The growth of the two towns was almost parallel.这两个城镇的发展几乎相同。

9 outcome
n.结果，出口，演变
参考例句：
The outcome of the experiment is in the lap of the gods.实验结果尚难预料。 The outcome of the war is hard to foretell.战争胜负难以预卜。

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