语言教学 | 普渡大学写作教学系列General Writing 04- Prewriting(2)

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来源：普渡大学写作中心

征稿：二语写作

Prewriting (Invention) General Questions

Beyond the strategies outlined in the previous section, these questions might help you begin writing.

Explore the problem — not the topic

1. Who is your reader?

2. What is your purpose?

3. Who are you, the writer? (What image or persona do you want to project?)

Make your goals operational

1. How can you achieve your purpose?

2. Can you make a plan?

Generate some ideas

Brainstorm

• Keep writing

• Don't censor or evaluate

• Keep returning to the problem

Talk to your reader

• What questions would they ask?

• What different kinds of readers might you have?

Ask yourself questions

Journalistic questions

Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? So What?

Stasis questions

Conjecture: what are the facts? Definition: what is the meaning or nature of the issue? Quality: what is the seriousness of the issue? Policy: what should we do about the issue? For more information on the stases, please go to the OWL resource on stasis theory.

Classical topics (patterns of argument)

Definition

• How does the dictionary define ____?

• What do I mean by ____?

• What group of things does ____ belong to?

• How is ____ different from other things?

• What parts can ____ be divided into?

• Does ____ mean something now that it didn't years ago? If so, what?

• What other words mean about the same as ____?

• What are some concrete examples of ____?

• When is the meaning of ____ misunderstood?

Comparison/Contrast

• What is ____ similar to? In what ways?

• What is ____ different from? In what ways?

• ____ is superior (inferior) to what? How?

• ____ is most unlike (like) what? How?

Relationship

• What causes ____?

• What are the effects of ____?

• What is the purpose of ____? - What is the consequence of ____?

• What comes before (after) ____?

Testimony

• What have I heard people say about ____?

• What are some facts of statistics about ____?

• Can I quote any proverbs, poems, or sayings about ____?

• Are there any laws about ____?

Circumstance

• Is ____ possible or impossible?

• What qualities, conditions, or circumstances make ____ possible or impossible?

• When did ____ happen previously?

• Who can do ____?

• If ____ starts, what makes it end?

• What would it take for ____ to happen now?

• What would prevent ___ from happening?

Tagmemics

Contrastive features

• How is ____ different from things similar to it?

• How has ____ been different for me?

Variation

• How much can ____ change and still be itself?

• How is ____ changing?

• How much does ____ change from day to day?

• What are the different varieties of ____?

Distribution

• Where and when does ____ take place?

• What is the larger thing of which ___ is a part?

• What is the function of ____ in this larger thing?

Cubing (considering a subject from six points of view)

1. *Describe* it (colors, shapes, sizes, etc.)

2. *Compare* it (What is it similar to?)

3. *Associate* it (What does it make you think of?)

4. *Analyze* it (Tell how it's made)

5. *Apply* it (What can you do with it? How can it be used?)

6. *Argue* for or against it

Make an analogy

Choose an activity from column A to explain it by describing it in terms of an activity from column B (or vice-versa).

playing cards	writing essays
changing a tire	making peace
selling	growing up
walking	growing old
sailing	rising in the world
skiing	studying
plowing	meditating
launching rockets	swindling
running for office	teaching
hunting	learning
Russian roulette	failing
brushing teeth	quarreling

Rest and incubate.

(Adapted from Linda Flower's Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing, Gregory and Elizabeth Cowan's Writing, and Gordon Rohman and Albert Wlecke's Prewriting.)

Sources

Flower, Linda. Problem-Solving Strategies for Writing. Third Edition. Orders, 1989.

Neeld, Elizabeth Cowan, and Gregory Cowan. Writing. Scott, Foresman, 1986.

More Prewriting (Invention) Questions

As a writer, you can begin by asking yourself questions and then answering them. Your answers will bring your subject into focus and provide you with the material to develop your topic. Here are twenty questions or "thought starters" that present ways of observing or thinking about your topic. Each question generates the type of essay listed in parentheses after the question.

1. What does X mean? (Definition)

2. What are the various features of X? (Description)

3. What are the component parts of X? (Simple Analysis)

4. How is X made or done? (Process Analysis)

5. How should X be made or done? (Directional Analysis)

6. What is the essential function of X? (Functional Analysis)

7. What are the causes of X? (Causal Analysis)

8. What are the consequences of X? (Causal Analysis)

9. What are the types of X? (Classification)

10. How is X like or unlike Y? (Comparison)

11. What is the present status of X? (Comparison)

12. What is the significance of X? (Interpretation)

13. What are the facts about X? (Reportage)

14. How did X happen? (Narration)

15. What kind of person is X? (Characterization/Profile)

16. What is my personal response to X? (Reflection)

17. What is my memory of X? (Reminiscence)

18. What is the value of X? (Evaluation)

19. What are the essential major points or features of X? (Summary)

20. What case can be made for or against X? (Persuasion)

(Adapted from Jacqueline Berke's Twenty Questions for the Writer)

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