语言教学 | 普渡大学写作教学系列Research&Citation11-Internet References

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1、Dictionaries, Style Manuals, Grammar Handbooks, and Editing Resources

Dictionary.com allows you to search multiple dictionaries and references at the same time.

Dictionary.net returns word and phrase definitions from a variety of English dictionary resources.

iTools has links to a number of dictionaries, thesauruses, and other language tools, including online translators.

The Merriam Webster Dictionary allows you to search this dictionary site from your computer. Search options also include Spanish-English, thesaurus, and medical terms.

LookWAYup Dictionary/Thesaurus and Translation is a large online English dictionary that tolerates small spelling errors (U.S. or international spelling), shows definitions for multiple senses of the word, and for each sense shows synonyms, related terms, and usage examples. It will also translate words to French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, or German or vice-versa.

YourDictionary is a free resource that simultaneously provides dictionary, thesaurus, and etymological references as well as definitions for scientific and business-related terms.

A searchable list of biographies are available at S9 the biography dictionary.

The Visual Thesaurus offers a visual way of exploring the relationships between words.

Bartlett's Familiar Quotations searches familiar and famous quotations.

The New York Times on the Web: The Glossary of Financial and Business Terms contains a list of business terms from A to Z.

William Strunk's original version of the Elements of Style (later made famous by E. B. White) is available courtesy of the Bartleby project.

Robert Harris has a searchable rhetorical devices handbook and a glossary of literary terms.

WebGrammar is a site devoted to grammar.

The Apostrophe Protection Society is a good-natured site that promotes proper use of the apostrophe.

iScribe is a site devoted to grammar basics and definitions of grammatical terms.

2、Indexes for Writers

Ask Oxford is a very comprehensive site produced by the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary that has lots of information about writing.

Noodle Tools has online tools to help with searching the Internet, creating a bibliography in MLA format, helpful links, and a bulletin board for discussion.

Another source for all kinds of writing activities is John Hewitt's Writing Resource Center.

The Free Online Writing Resource Links Database hosts thousands of writing resource links in a massive online database, including 40+ genres, funds for writers, job listings, education, news, submission calls,and a research library. They also publish Newswatch, FREEdom Inkwell Newsletters and Writers Site News.

Garbl's Writing Resources Online is a collection of sites on the English Language, grammar, style, and references.

Writer's Free Reference is an extensive list of free information on the Internet that could be useful to writers (or anyone else doing research online).

Writing World offers more than 250 articles on just about every aspect of writing (fiction, nonfiction, freelancing, greeting cards, international, etc.), plus over 500 links to other resources,market information, contest listings, and more.

3、Online Libraries

The Internet Public Library is an online reference site, the IPL organizes websites into subjects as well as provides links to e-texts, magazines, and newspapers. NOTE: This site is still online but is no longer being updated.

The Library of Congress provides information about the world's largest library as well as links to popular collections and topics.

Libraryspot.com: is a comprehensive portal to libraries around the world.

Purdue's Libraries searches Purdue's catalog as well as an extensive list of online databases and eJournals.

4、Online Books and E-texts

The Online Book Page searches for books available online by author, title, or subject.

Project Bartleby provides complete online texts of many popular classics and non-fiction works.

Project Gutenberg searches online classics available for download.

5、Newspapers, News Services, Journals and Magazines Online

List of online journals this site provides links to popular journals. Organized by subject.

The Chronicle of Higher Education provides news and and articles concerning education and research.

The Washington Post provides links to articles from one of the world's most popular newspapers located in America's capital.

New York Times provides links to articles from one of the world's most popular newspapers.

USA Today provides news and articles on sports, money, weather, and more.

Wall Street Journal links to the articles concerning politics, the world, sports, and international format of the paper.

Pathfinder (Time Warner publications) provides links to magazines owned by Time including "CNN Money", "Instyle" and "People".

The Associated Press site provides links to stories posted by one of the world's largest news agencies.

Reuters News Media is a collection of stories from one of the world's largest news agency.

Newseum allows you to find daily newspaper front pages from 68 countries across the globe.

6、URLs vs. DOIs

While citation styles can vary greatly in their particulars, most major styles (including APA, MLA, and Chicago) require writers to include either a URL or a DOI in citations for digital content whenever possible. You do not normally need to include both.

This resource explains the difference between URLs and DOIs and briefly describes how to incorporate either form of information into your citations.

What are DOIs?

When sources are published electronically, they are assigned DOIs—a unique series of letters and numbers set by the International DOI Foundation. The IDF, founded in 1998, handles creator requests for DOIs and standardizes each DOI they assign. Every DOI begins with the number 10, and can generally be found on the first page of the digital article. DOIs also associate their publications with metadata, or relevant information related to each source (such as author, location, and date information). Because DOIs are assigned when a source is published electronically, some older sources will not have DOIs. If you are citing a print source and want to know if it has been assigned a DOI, use CrossRef.org’s DOI lookup on the website’s home page.

DOIs differ from URLs in that they are static. In other words, once they are assigned, they will not change, which makes it very easy to locate at any future time (even after it has been moved). Here is an example DOI for Ryan LaMothe’s article “Pebbles in the Shoe: Acts of Compassion as Subversion in a Market Society,” published in the journal Pastoral Psychology:

DOI: 10.1007/s11089-018-0833-1

When should I use a URL?

In the event that a source does not have a DOI assigned, or if the citation style you are using specifically calls for URLs over DOIs, cite the source’s URL. This is its ordinary web address, which typically appears in the navigation bar at the top of your web browser.

Here is an example of a URL for the Purdue OWL homepage:

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdue_owl.html

URLs can change if the website is edited or updated, or the source is moved. Because of this, many online databases (such as library websites and scholarly article repositories) assign sources with stable URLs (sometimes called “permalinks”) unique to the database’s own website for this purpose. Like DOIs, these will not change and will link directly to the source on that specific webpage.

Note that some citation styles provide specific directions for how to format source URLs. For example, MLA only requires the www. portion of the URL, so leave off the https://.

Quick Guide

The following chart breaks down the use of DOIs and URLs in four major citation styles and provides links to OWL pages that describe DOI and/or URL formatting rules for citations in those styles. Note that some of the styles have very similar guidelines.

For more in-depth information on formatting DOIs and URLs in your citations, be sure to consult the style guide for whatever style you are using, as each has different ordering and formatting preferences.

Style	DOI/URL Guidelines	OWL Resource
MLA	Provide DOIs over URLs whenever possible. If no DOI is available, use the source’s URL in the citation. In MLA style, stable URLs are preferrable to normal URLs. Use them if they are available. Place the DOI or URL before the access date, which comes at the end of the citation. The rest of the citation should be formatted as normal for an equivalent non-digital source. Access dates are optional when using DOIs. A DOI should be preceded by a "doi:" label (note the lowercase). If using a URL, do not include the "https://" or "http://" portion of the string. This means that most addresses will begin with "www." Generic Journal Citation: Author. "Title." Title of journal, Other contributors (translators or editors), Number (vol. and/or issue no.), publication year, www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:0000000/00000000000. Accessed dd Mmm. yyyy.	Works Cited: Electronic Sources
APA	Provide DOIs over URLs whenever possible. If no DOI is available, use the source’s URL in the citation. Place the DOI or URL at the end of the citation, formatting the rest of the citation as normal for an equivalent non-digital source. A DOI should be preceded by a "doi:" label (note the lowercase). The APA allows for the use of either the modern alphanumeric string format ("doi:0000000/000000000000") or the older doi.org format ("https://doi.org/10.0000/0000"). Use whichever is provided by the source. If using a URL, include the phrase "Retrieved from..." before the URL. Generic Journal Citation: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number if available), page range. doi:0000000/000000000000 or https://doi.org/10.0000/0000 or Retrieved from https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/.	Reference List: Electronic Sources
Chicago	Provide DOIs over URLs whenever possible. If no DOI is available, use the source’s URL in the citation. Place the DOI or URL at the end of the citation, formatting the rest of the citation as normal for an equivalent non-digital source. A DOI should be preceded by a "doi:" label (note the lowercase). Access dates are not required for formally published electronic sources (like journal articles). They can be useful for informally published electronic sources. They may also be required for some disciplines for all electronic sources (formal or informal). Access dates should be located immediately prior to the DOI or URL. Generic Journal Citation: Lastname, First/middle initials. “Title of Article.” Journal Title volume number, issue no. (Year): page range. https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:0000000/000000000000	Web Sources
AMA	Provide DOIs over URLs whenever possible. If no DOI is available, use the source’s URL in the citation. If using a DOI, omit the URL, access date, and publication date from Reference List entry. Instead, add the DOI preceded by a "doi:" label (note the lowercase).  If using a URL, include the access date and publication date after the URL. Generic Journal Citation: Author(s). Title. Journal Name. Year;vol(issue no.):page range. https://www.someaddress.com/full/url/ or doi:10.0000000/000000000000	Electronic Sources

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