佐剂(Adjuvant)通常是指辅助疫苗或携带抗原以实现免疫增强的物质。随着材料科学和纳米技术的飞速发展,纳米佐剂受到了越来越多的关注和重视。纳米佐剂的小尺寸使得它们更易进入淋巴结,被抗原呈递细胞(APCs)摄取和处理。同时纳米佐剂较大的比表面积,可以用于吸附更多的抗原,或装载更多的药物、免疫调节剂等。此外,基于纳米材料的固有性质,纳米佐剂可以被赋予更多的特性。例如,它们可以结合“成像模块”或“治疗模块”进行疾病的诊断和治疗,特别是它们除了可以用作免疫治疗外,还能联合化疗/放疗、光热疗法、光动力疗法、声动力疗法、化学动力疗法等对癌症进行协同治疗。为了开发有效的免疫系统激活的纳米佐剂,研究人员对纳米佐剂的结构与功能之间的关系进行了深入探索,有力地推动了纳米佐剂在免疫治疗中的发展。 近日,中国科学院长春应用化学研究所林君研究员、马平安研究员和丁彬彬副研究员团队在《Advanced Functional Materials》期刊上发表了题为“Understanding Structure-Function Relationships of Nanoadjuvants for Enhanced Cancer Vaccine Efficacy”的综述文章(DOI:10.1002/adfm.202111670)。该篇综述文章对佐剂进行了系统介绍,充分论述了纳米佐剂的构效关系,并探讨了佐剂的结构与安全性之间的联系,详细例举了纳米佐剂在癌症治疗中的应用,最后分析了纳米佐剂当前面临的挑战以及未来的发展方向。文章首先从三个方面对佐剂进行了详细地介绍,包括佐剂的分类、佐剂的作用机制以及佐剂效果的评估指标。随后,文章重点对纳米佐剂的结构与佐剂活性之间的关系进行了分析,探讨了纳米佐剂的尺寸、孔径、表面电荷、表面基团、形貌和纵横比对佐剂活性的影响。文章还重点讨论了纳米佐剂在癌症治疗中的应用,比如免疫治疗以及与光热疗法、光动力疗法、声动力疗法、化学动力疗法、化疗或放疗协同的癌症治疗(图1)。
Adjuvant adsorbs antigen to form Antigen reservoir, slowly releases the antigen at the injection site, and continuously stimulates the body, thereby improving the long-term immune memory effect.
[1]
Stimulate DCs maturity and enhance antigen uptake/cross-presentation
Use adjuvants to increase the uptake of antigens by APCs such as DCs and the recruitment of DCs, and stimulate the maturation of DCs, thereby activating T cells to differentiate into effector T cells to kill cancer cells.
[1]
Activate complement
a) Adjuvants activate complement through the classical pathway, which allows the complement to combine with the corresponding antigen on the surface of the cancer cell membrane to form a membrane attack complex (MAC), thereby lysing the cancer cell and initiating the CD8+ T cell immune response. b) Adjuvants activate complement C3 through alternative pathways and then activates B cells through the complement receptor CR2, so that B cells express ICOSL. ICOSL+B cells co-stimulate T cells through ICOSL-ICOS to activate the tumor-killing function of T cells, thereby promoting anti-tumor immunity. c) The adjuvant activates complement through the lectin pathway and assists cancer treatment in a form similar to “a”.
[1-2]
Induce cytokines and chemokines release
Adjuvants induce the increase or decrease of cytokines /chemokines, thereby regulating the growth, maturation and differentiation of immune cells, and inhibiting and killing tumor cells.
[3]
Activate NLRP3 inflammasome
Adjuvants induce the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, thereby stimulating the production of related cytokines, recruiting APCs, promoting the maturation of DCs, enhancing antigen uptake, and stimulating T cell differentiation.
论文信息[1] S. Shi, H. Zhu, X. Xia, Z. Liang, X. Ma, B. Sun, Vaccine 2019, 37, 3167.[2] a) Y. Lu, Q. Zhao, J. Y. Liao, E. Song, Q. Xia, J. Pan, Y. Li, J. Li, B. Zhou, Y. Ye, C. Di, S. Yu, Y. Zeng, S. Su, Cell 2020, 180, 1081; b) X. Y. Liu, X. Y. Wang, R. Y. Li, S. C. Jia, P. Sun, M. Zhao, C. Fang, Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 91, 446; c) S. M. Moghimi, D. Simberg, Nano Today 2017, 15, 8; d) R. M. O’Brien, A. Cannon, J. V. Reynolds, J. Lysaght, N. Lynam-Lennon, Cancers 2021, 13, 1209.[3] a) I. D. Bobanga, A. Petrosiute, A. Y. Huang, Vaccines 2013, 1, 444; b) Y. Zhang, X. Y. Guan, P. Jiang, Front. Immunol. 2020, 11, 594609.[4] a) M. Kool, V. Petrilli, T. De Smedt, A. Rolaz, H. Hammad, M. van Nimwegen, I. M. Bergen, R. Castillo, B. N. Lambrecht, J. Tschopp, J. Immunol. 2008, 181, 3755; b) S. C. Eisenbarth, O. R. Colegio, W. O’Connor, F. S. Sutterwala, R. A. Flavell, Nature 2008, 453, 1122.