长新冠会不会导致抑郁症?
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参考文献:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/12/11/1767 The Psychiatric Consequences of Long-COVID: A Scoping Review
Rudroff, T.; Workman, C.D.; Bryant, A.D. Potential Factors That Contribute to Post-COVID-19 Fatigue in Women. Brain Sci. 2022, 12, 556.
Ortelli, P.; Ferrazzoli, D.; Sebastianelli, L.; Maestri, R.; Dezi, S.; Spampinato, D.; Saltuari, L.; Alibardi, A.; Engl, M.; Kofler, M.; et al. Altered motor cortex physiology and dysexecutive syndrome in patients with fatigue and cognitive difficulties after mild COVID-19. Eur. J. Neurol. 2022, 29, 1652–1662.
长新冠的定义
认知功能症状
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[1]Tang, S.W.; Leonard, B.E.; Helmeste, D.M. Long COVID, neuropsychiatric disorders, psychotropics, present and future. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2022, 34, 109–126.
[2]Tansey, C.M.; Louie, M.; Loeb, M.; Gold, W.L.; Muller, M.P.; de Jager, J.; Cameron, J.I.; Tomlinson, G.; Mazzulli, T.; Walmsley, S.L.; et al. One-year outcomes and health care utilization in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 2007, 167, 1312–1320.
[3]Son, G.; Jahanshahi, A.; Yoo, S.J.; Boonstra, J.T.; Hopkins, D.A.; Steinbusch, H.W.M.; Moon, C. Olfactory neuropathology in Alzheimer’s disease: A sign of ongoing neurodegeneration. BMB Rep. 2021, 54, 295–304.
Ritchie, K.; Chan, D. The emergence of cognitive COVID. World Psychiatry 2021, 20, 52–53.
[4]Boldrini, M.; Canoll, P.D.; Klein, R.S. How COVID-19 Affects the Brain. JAMA Psychiatry 2021, 78, 682–683.
[5]使用医院抑郁与焦虑量表:Matsumoto, K.; Hamatani, S.; Shimizu, E.; Käll, A.; Andersson, G. Impact of post-COVID conditions on mental health: A cross-sectional study in Japan and Sweden. BMC Psychiatry 2022, 22, 237.
使用PHQ-9:Strahm, C.; Seneghini, M.; Güsewell, S.; Egger, T.; Leal, O.; Brucher, A.; Lemmenmeier, E.; Kleeb, D.M.; Möller, J.C.; Rieder, P.; et al. Symptoms Compatible with Long Coronavirus Disease (COVID) in Healthcare Workers With and Without Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection—Results of a Prospective Multicenter Cohort. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2022, 75, e1011–e1019.
使用GAD-7:Chen, A.K.; Wang, X.; McCluskey, L.P.; Morgan, J.C.; Switzer, J.A.; Mehta, R.; Tingen, M.; Su, S.; Harris, R.A.; Hess, D.C.; et al. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of long COVID-19: Pilot results from the COVID-19 neurological and molecular prospective cohort study in Georgia, USA. Brain Behav. Immun. Health 2022, 24, 100491.
相关康复指导(初代):
Serrano-Castro, P.J.; Estivill-Torrús, G.; Cabezudo-García, P.; Reyes-Bueno, J.A.; Ciano Petersen, N.; Aguilar-Castillo, M.J.; Suárez-Pérez, J.; Jiménez-Hernández, M.D.; Moya-Molina, M.Á.; Oliver-Martos, B.; et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases: A delayed pandemic? Neurologia 2020, 35, 245–251.
Barker-Davies, R.M.; O’Sullivan, O.; Senaratne, K.P.P.; Baker, P.; Cranley, M.; Dharm-Datta, S.; Ellis, H.; Goodall, D.; Gough, M.; Lewis, S.; et al. The Stanford Hall consensus statement for post-COVID-19 rehabilitation. Br. J. Sports Med. 2020, 54, 949–959.
Soh, H.L.; Ho, R.C.; Ho, C.S.; Tam, W.W. Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Sleep Med. 2020, 75, 315–325.
Reynolds, C.F. Optimizing personalized management of depression: The importance of real-world contexts and the need for a new convergence paradigm in mental health. World Psychiatry 2020, 19, 266–268.
新冠对神经系统的影响
破坏鼻腔上皮细胞,进入血液和白细胞。 感染嗅神经、三叉神经等颅神经,通过轴突转运从梨状皮质(piriform cortex)到脑干侵入大脑。 影响血脑屏障的通透性,导致外周细胞因子和其他血液衍生物进入中枢,并进一步引发神经炎,产生认知功能以及精神症状。 病毒攻击支持嗅觉神经元的细胞(如支持细胞和基底细胞),由于海马与嗅觉和梨状皮质存在发育相似性和解剖联系,可能意味着海马也有某种易感性,解释海马相关症状(如抑郁焦虑、认知障碍和精神病性症状)。
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Bougakov, D., Podell, K., & Goldberg, E. (2020). Multiple neuroinvasive pathways in COVID-19. Molecular Neurobiology.
Brann, D.H., et al. (2020). Non-neuronal expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the olfactory system suggests mechanisms underlying COVID-19-associated anosmia. Science Advances.
促进促炎细胞因子,如白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)释放到血液中。过度的免疫反应导致髓鞘受到攻击,之后的脑白质损伤是认知受损和感觉/运动活动异常。
结合呼吸衰竭/疾病诱导的缺氧相关脑病,患者感觉到头痛和头晕。
此外,病毒附着在内皮 ACE-2 受体上,使血管容易发生炎症和凝血问题。这可能与老年患者中观察到的缺血性和出血性脑血管事件相关。
嗅觉味觉丧失意味着新冠侵入脑部?
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参考文献:Boscolo-Rizzo P, Borsetto D, Fabbris C, et al. Evolution of altered sense of smell or taste in patients with mildly symptomatic COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(8):729–732.
[2]Boscolo-Rizzo P, Hummel T, Hopkins C, et al. High prevalence of long-term olfactory, gustatory, and chemesthesis dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients: a matched case-control study with one-year follow-up using a comprehensive psychophysical evaluation. Rhinology. 2021;59(6):517–527.)
长新冠的认知症状是否在机制上与抑郁症有区别
相关锻炼指导:
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[1]The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet2020;395:912-20. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8 pmid:32112714
[2]Cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: outcomes from a specialist clinic in the UK. J R Soc Med2020;113:394-402. doi:10.1177/0141076820951545
Cognitive behavioural therapy for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome is not effective. Re-analysis of a Cochrane review. doi:10.1177/2055102919840614 pmid:31080632
Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs2020;29:2756-7. doi:10.1111/jocn.15290 pmid:32250493
COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: Worries and resilience as potential moderators. Pers Individ Dif2021;168:110371. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110371 pmid:32904342
整理:Circle
本科复旦大学临床医学,辅修宗教学,精神病与精神卫生学博士,博士期间研究抗抑郁药治疗抑郁症,毕业之后则更着重于心理咨询与人格障碍作为各种精神症状的基础,报了数不清的心理咨询培训班,在康复的视角看待精神疾病的跨学科治疗,non-binary,2012年开始学精神分析,打酱油的人类学爱好者。对一切抱有好奇,永远在学习的路上。
要是大家对于新冠与抑郁相关的议题感兴趣,或是自身近来出现了抑郁焦虑、失眠的加重,欢迎来加小编微信聊一聊:bacchantt
症状网络其它关于精神疾病药的的精彩科普:
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