【视界•中英双文】何亚非：改革开放是中国创举和世界福音

全文约3600字，读完约需3分钟。

---

作者何亚非系外交部前副部长、中国人民大学重阳金融研究院高级研究员、全球治理研究中心主任，本文刊于1月9日中美聚焦网。

告别风云激荡的2018年,展望新年,我们对中国和世界的未来充满信心。同时，世界正处于“百年未有之大变局”，大发展、大变化、大调整是这一历史转折期的特征，各种矛盾叠加，全球性挑战集中爆发，世界政治经济的不确定性和不稳定性进一步加深。

2018年是中国改革开放40周年。12月18日，习近平主席在庆祝改革开放40周年大会上发表重要讲话。回顾历史，展望未来，中国人民心情澎湃，对中国的未来、对人类的未来更加充满信心。

改革开放是中国共产党和人民在五千年文明基础上的历史创举，既深刻改变了中国，也深刻影响了世界。40年后的今天，中国和世界都发生了历史性变化，全球化、全球治理和世界秩序开始新的征程。中国的改革开放进入新发展阶段。正如习近平主席所言，中国的改革开放只有进行时，没有完成时，永远在路上。这不谛是中国和世界的共同福音。

历史和现实告诉我们：

中国只有坚持改革开放才能实现经济再腾飞、政治更稳定、社会更和谐，才能跨越“中等收入陷阱”，实现中国繁荣富强的两大战略目标；只有坚持中国共产党坚强领导和中国特色社会主义的大方向，才能确保改革开放沿着正确的道路向前发展。这是中华民族从1840年至今“上下求索”寻找中国发展道路和模式得出的历史经验和共识。

改革开放是决定中国命运的重大决策，是马克思主义与中国实践紧密结合并得到升华的典范。一个13亿人口的中国从计划经济转向社会主义市场经济，从封闭半封闭到全方位、宽领域的对外开放，七亿多中国人脱离了贫困，人均GDP从不到200美元跃升到近9000美元，中国经济总量达到世界第二，变化之大“惊天地、泣鬼神”。中国人民从站起来、富起来，到如今的强起来，一步一个脚印，道路越走越宽广。改革开放带动经济发展、政治稳定、社会和谐，三者相辅相成，相得益彰。可以说，改革开放是中国人民屹立于世界强国之林的根本道路、唯一道路。

中国只有坚持改革开放才能推动全球经济的再平衡，推动全球化适应世界格局新变化，化解以民粹主义为表象的“反全球化”思潮，巩固和加强以规则为基础的全球治理，为世界实现持久和平、创造“美美与共”的新世界做出发展中大国的应有贡献。

当今世界全球化和全球治理面临巨大挑战，其中贫富差距的扩大，全球供应链的规律性转移，技术革命对就业的冲击，都给民粹主义、孤立主义、保护主义提供了“肥沃的土壤”。美国“占领华尔街”运动蔓延以及2016年大选，欧盟面临难民危机和金融危机双重威胁，英国公投退欧和法国“黄背心”运动兴起等等，无一不是民粹主义“风生水起”的“症状”。如何在国际和国家两个层面有效应对这些全球化挑战已经成为世界性难题。而中国改革开放兼顾经济发展和社会公平，取得国内治理的成功，给世界提供了既促进经济发展，又避免两极分化的宝贵经验。中国的发展道路和模式显然不能复制，但是它蕴含的丰富而独特的治理思想和路径是世界的共同财富。

习近平主席在多个国际场合强调，我们要巩固和坚持以规则为基础的全球治理。“没有规矩，不成方圆”。况且，全球治理体系的政治经济贸易等规则，是人类在二战血的教训中总结出来的，并经过了70多年的时间考验。毫无疑义，国际形势和全球力量对比已经并且正在发生前所未有的变化，现有全球治理架构、规则、体系需要进行重大的改革，但是推倒重来、重起炉灶不是解决办法，只有在维护现有以规则为基础的治理体系的同时，经过各国充分协商，进行适当、渐进的改革，包括对WTO的改革，才是正确的出路。

中国只有坚持改革开放才能更加稳步走在和平发展的大道上，才能逐步化解日益严重的地缘政治争斗，缓解日趋紧张的大国关系，推动文明对话，反对文明冲突，为世界持久和平和全球经济发展创造政治基础，为未来更加公正公平的世界秩序创造必要条件，回答好“世界是谁的世界”这个历史性的哲学命题。

中国与世界各国相互开放，形成了全球化时代高效、多赢、相互依赖的全球价值链、生产链和供应链，给全球经济稳步发展提供了强有力的推动力量。而各国经济相互依赖程度的不断提高，也为避免战争、争取持久和平创造了根本条件。虽然这不是绝对的，但是经济与和平相辅相成的关系是切实存在的，不容置疑。在中美贸易摩擦加剧的情况下，美国部分人鼓动中美贸易“脱钩”恰恰从反面论证了这一点。

地缘政治的冲动和矛盾如果不加以化解和缓和，就很有可能把对手从假想敌塑造成真正的敌人。中国提倡的全球合作伙伴关系建设是通往和平繁荣的大道，不管历史传统、意识形态、经济模式、文化文明有多大的不同，都不能改变全球化时代“地球村”的现实。对手也许存在，但对手不是敌人，也不一定要成为敌人。“竞争中性”是经济学的术语，它也能用在地缘政治问题的处理上，那就是“和平竞争、合作共赢”。非要分出“你死我活”的丛林规则在世界多极化、经济全球化时代已经失去了存在的意义和基础。

各国都要扪心自问，“这个世界是谁的世界”？人类近现代史有过《威斯特伐利亚和约》以后的欧洲“中心-边缘”世界，即欧洲领导的世界，以及后来引人注目的“不列颠治下的和平”（Pax Britanica）和延续至今的“美利坚治下的和平”（Pax Americana）。然而，历史车轮滚滚向前，现在的世界是各国人民的世界，不是哪一个或两个国家的世界，无论美、中、俄、欧盟、日本、印度等等，都是“世界的国家”，都要遵守以规则为基础的全球治理，不能只从自身利益考虑追求“第一”，将世界推入更加“无序”和“碎片化”。

习近平主席最近公开宣示，无论中国怎么发展，我们都不会威胁任何人，不会颠覆现有国际体系，不会寻求自己的势力范围。这就是中国的世界观和“天下观”。而中国改革开放40年在国际关系和全球治理方面的经验则是对人类这一哲学问题正确的回答。

China's reform and opening-up is an example to the world

This year marks the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up. On December 18, President Xi Jinping delivered an important speech at the celebration of the 40th anniversary of reform and opening-up. Looking back at history and looking forward to the future, the Chinese people are full of excitement and are more confident about China's future and the future of humankind.

Reform and opening-up is a historical initiative of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people. It has profoundly changed China and the world. China's reform and opening-up has entered a new stage of development. Just as President Xi Jinping said, reform and opening up is always ongoing and will never end. This is good news for China and the world.

Here is what history and reality tell us.

Only by insisting on reform and opening-up can China achieve another economic take-off, political stability, and social harmony, overcome the “middle-income trap,” and realize the two strategic goals of making the country prosperous and strong; and only by adhering to the strong leadership of the Communist Party of China and to socialism with Chinese characteristics can reform and opening-up move along the right path. It is the historical experience and consensus of the Chinese nation from 1840 to the present to search for China's development path and model.

Reform and opening-up has determined China's destiny and a model for the close integration and elevation of Marxism with Chinese practice. China, a country with a population of 1.3 billion, has moved from a planned economy to a socialist market economy, from a closed and semi-closed country to a country that is wide open to the outside world. More than 700 million Chinese people have been lifted out of poverty and per capita GDP has risen from less than $200 to nearly $9,000. China's total economic output has become the second highest in the world and the country has changed tremendously. The Chinese people have stood up, grown rich, and are becoming strong, and they have progressed step by step along a path that has become wider and wider. Reform and opening-up has led to economic development, political stability, and social harmony—all three of which complement each other. It can be said that reform and opening-up is the fundamental path and the only way for the Chinese people to stand in the forest of the world's powerful countries.

Only by insisting on reform and opening-up can China promote the rebalancing of the global economy, adapt globalization to a changing world, resolve the deglobalizing trend of populism, and consolidate and strengthen rule-based global governance in order to achieve lasting peace and create a beautiful new world of harmony.

Globalization and global governance face enormous challenges in today's world. The widening gap between the rich and poor, the shifting of global supply chains, and the impact of the technological revolution on employment have provided fertile ground for populism, isolationism, and protectionism. The spread of the Occupy Wall Street movement and the 2016 U.S. general election, the double threat of the European migrant crisis and financial crisis, Britain's Brexit referendum, and the rise of the Yellow Vest movement in France are all symptoms of populism. How to effectively address these global challenges at both the international and national levels has become a global problem. China's reform and opening-up by considering economic development and social equity has proved successful in domestic governance, providing the world with valuable experience that promotes economic development while avoiding polarization. China's development path and model clearly cannot be copied, but its rich and unique governance ideas and path are indeed the common wealth of the world.

President Xi Jinping has emphasized on many occasions that we must consolidate and adhere to rule-based global governance. As the saying goes, without rules, nothing can get done. Moreover, the rules of political economy and trade of the global governance system were summed up in the lessons of World War II and have stood the test of time for more than 70 years. There is no doubt that the international situation and global forces have been and are undergoing unprecedented changes. The existing global governance structures, rules, and systems need major reforms, but starting from scratch is not a solution. Only by maintaining the existing rule-based governance system and through appropriate consultations by all countries can we make proper and gradual reforms, including reform of the World Trade Organization.

Only by insisting on reform and opening-up can China stick to the path of peaceful development, gradually resolve the growing geopolitical struggles, ease the increasingly tense relations between the major powers, and promote dialogue among civilizations and oppose a clash of civilizations, in order to create a political foundation for lasting peace in the world and global economic development and to create the necessary conditions for a more just and fair world order.

Openness between China and the countries of the world has led to the formation of global value chains, production chains, and supply chains that are efficient and interdependent in the era of globalization, providing a powerful driving force for the steady development of the global economy. At the same time, greater interdependence among countries has created the fundamental conditions for avoiding war and striving for lasting peace. Although this is not absolute, there is a real and unquestionable relationship between economic relations and peace. As can be seen with the increased trade friction between China and the United States, some Americans who represent the other side of this argument want to decouple the American economy from the Chinese economy.

If geopolitical contradictions are not resolved or reduced, it is very likely that competitors will turn from imaginary enemies into real enemies. China's promotion of a global partnership is the path to peace and prosperity. No matter how different historical traditions, ideologies, economic models, and cultural civilizations, the reality of the global village in the era of globalization cannot be changed. A competitor is not an enemy and does not have to be one. Competitive neutrality, which is an economic term, can also be used in the handling of geopolitical issues; that is, peaceful competition and win-win cooperation. The law of the jungle in which only the fittest survive has lost its meaning and foundation in the era of multi-polarization and economic globalization.

Countries should ask themselves, whose world is this? Europe has been at the center of modern and contemporary history since the Peace of Westphalia. However, the wheel of history is rolling forward. Today's world is for people of all countries. It is not the world of one or two countries. The United States, China, Russia, the European Union, Japan, and India are all countries of the world. Basic global governance cannot be based on self-interest, a doctrine that puts one nation before all others, and pushing the world into more disorder and fragmentation.

President Xi Jinping recently declared that no matter how China develops, it will not threaten any country, will not subvert the existing international system, and will not seek its own sphere of influence. This is China's worldview and view of the world. China's 40 years of reform and opening-up experience in international relations and global governance is the correct answer to this philosophical issue.

往期回顾：

关于我们

中国人民大学全球治理研究中心(Global Governance Research Center，RUC)成立于2017年3月9日，是北京巨丰金控科技有限公司董事长马琳女士向中国人民大学捐赠并由中国人民大学重阳金融研究院（人大重阳）负责运营管理的教育基金项目。中国人民大学全球治理研究中心由原外交部副部长、人大重阳高级研究员何亚非领衔，前中国银行副行长、国际商会执行董事、人大重阳高级研究员张燕玲担任学术委员会主任，旨在构建高层次、高水准的全球治理思想交流平台，并向社会发布高质量的全球治理研究报告，努力践行咨政、启民、伐谋、孕才的智库使命。

2018年1月，中国人民大学全球治理研究中心入围由美国宾州大学“智库研究项目”（TTSCP）推出的、国际公认度最高的《全球智库报告2017》的“亚洲大国智库90强”。

欢迎关注“全球治理研究中心”微信公众号

globalgovernance2017

长按二维码关注我