【思享·中英双语】吴晓求： 四十年来， 中国靠什么把印度远远甩在后面?

全文约3400字，读完约需7分钟。

---

作者吴晓求系中国人民大学副校长，本文刊于5月30日“观中国”公众号，英文版刊于5月27日《China Daily》。

  导读 

“为什么四十年前中国的落后甚于印度？但四十年后，印度显而易见地落后于中国？”针对这一疑问，中国人民大学副校长吴晓求将中国的巨大成功归因于1978年开始的改革开放、符合中国国情的道路、中国人的勤奋好学等。

展望未来, 吴晓求在向中国日报旗下中国观察智库撰文时指出，中国要成为现代化、有影响力的国家，首先必须是法治的国家；要让老百姓和外国人对中国有稳定的预期，而稳定的预期来自于坚若磐石的法制。

当前我们正处在一个大发展大变革大调整的时代， 我国面临着前所未有、极为复杂的新形势新任务，这对我们而言既是挑战也是历史的机遇。习近平总书记在庆祝改革开放40周年大会的讲话中明确指出，前进道路上，我们要增强战略思维、辩证思维、创新思维，加强宏观思考和顶层设计，坚持问题导向，聚焦我国发展面临的突出矛盾和问题，不断提高改革决策的科学性。这对我们智库建设提出了明确的要求。

一个国家的崛起 ，一个民族的复兴，经济发展是基础条件。当经济还处在落后状态，当人民还吃不饱饭的时候，我们谈不上什么复兴，也谈不上自信。经过四十年的改革开放，中国经济已经取得举世瞩目的成就。我们在四十年中把一个贫穷落后封闭的国家，建设成为一个正在走向现代化、迈向小康、不断开放、越来越自信的国家，这应该说是人类历史的奇迹。

图片来自于视觉中国

前些天，我会见了亚洲基础设施投资银行副行长潘迪安先生，他是一位印度人。他问了我一个问题，他始终觉得中国这四十年来经济建设所取得的成就是一个谜，他始终解不开这个谜。他问我：“为什么四十年前中国的落后甚于印度？但四十年后，印度显而易见地落后于中国？”我从四个方面回答了他的问题：

首先，中国奇迹的出现得益于1978年开始的改革开放，彻底打开了中国人民百年以来的精神枷锁，奠定了中国未来发展的正确方向。党的十一届三中全会确立了解放思想、实事求是，以经济建设为中心的正确思想路线，开启了中国伟大的改革开放事业。小平同志站在历史的高度，站在人类命运的高度，以一种极大的责任感、使命感，和大无畏的勇气解放了我们的思想，打开了中国人民百年以来甚至更长时期以来的精神枷锁，使中国人民迸发了无限的创造力，进而奠定了中国未来发展的正确方向。

第二，中国共产党在实践中不断的反思、总结、思考，走出了一条中国特色的社会主义道路，并始终把人民的利益和经济发展放在首要位置。世界上各个民族对本国政治架构的选择都经过了漫长时间的探索，我们现有的政治架构是中国人民的选择，符合中国国情。我们既要学习西方发达国家的无论是经济建设、社会治理还是国家治理的成功经验，同时我们也必须要考虑中国社会的历史实践、社会环境，应该说我们成功地走出了中国的发展道路。中国没有扩张的野心，我们只是完成自己的使命，把中国人自己的事情办好。

图片来自于视觉中国

第三，我们始终坚持走中国特色的社会主义市场经济道路。可能有些西方国家不认同中国的市场经济地位。我认为，这要放在一个特定的条件下看。市场经济没有一个完全固定的模式，在市场经济中，政府作用是有限的，而不是没有，需要根据不同的目标适度进行宏观引导。更为重要的是，市场经济的精髓就是竞争中性、政策中性，对所有经济主体一视同仁，这就是市场经济的灵魂。我们不断地在寻找政府和市场的作用边界。不能过分夸大政府作用，同时也要极大地看重市场作用，这些都是我们在实践中探索出来的市场经济规律。

第四，中国人勤奋好学，中国的劳动力素质和创新能力都在不断提高，推动着我们跨越“中等收入陷阱”。世界上很多国家之所以不能跨越“中等收入陷阱”，非常重要的原因是创新能力不足，劳动力素质跟不上。比如南美的阿根廷、巴西，上世纪初阿根廷是世界第七大经济体，巴西在上世纪60年代、70年代经济呈现蓬勃发展趋势，但是他们都停滞了。中国高等教育在提高劳动力素质和推动创新方面发挥了特别重要的作用。中国的大学培育了一代又一代的工程师、技术人员、管理者，使得中国现代化工业进程得到有效保障。华为靠我们自己达到今天的成就，中国航空航天事业也是靠自己的工程师，不是靠别人。中国的高等教育正在为未来经济可持续发展培养越来越多的高素质人才。

图片来自于视觉中国

当前，中国正处在历史发展的关键时期。在这样的历史关键时期，我们受到外部的遏制特别严重，对此我们要有充分的预估和研判。中国要坚定不移地走市场化为导向的经济发展道路，要进一步扩大开放，坚定地走依法治国的道路，这是过去四十年来中国成功的经验。开放是中国经济发展的重要的经验，没有开放就没有中国的今天，闭关锁国永远成就不了伟大的国家。中国要成为现代化的国家，世界上有影响力的国家，首先必须是法治的国家，要让我们的老百姓也让外国人对中国有稳定的预期。稳定的预期来自于坚若磐石的法制。

对于国家发展过程中面临的矛盾和问题，我们的智库和媒体要站在历史的、中华民族复兴的高度，以及中国对人类社会的贡献的高度，客观理性思考，要增强战略思维、辩证思维、创新思维，加强宏观思考和顶层设计。我们要积极贯彻习近平总书记新时代中国特色新型智库建设思想，加强智库的思想创新与战略传播力，使得中国智库真正成为国家思想崛起的核心支撑力量，为人类的发展贡献中国智慧和中国方案。

Wu Xiaoqiu: Critical stage of development

In an era of major development, major changes and major adjustments, China faces unprecedented and extremely complex new situations and tasks, and both challenges and opportunities. Just as President Xi Jinping pointed out at the 40th anniversary of China's reform and opening-up: to make continuous progress, China has to keep improving its decision-making mechanism so it is more scientific. Efforts need to be made to strengthen our strategic thinking, dialectical thinking, innovative thinking, macro thinking and top-down design thinking. At the same time, we should adhere to the problem-oriented principle and focus on the outstanding contradictions and problems in China's development. President Xi's speech has also put definite demands on think tanks.

Economic development is the basic condition for the rise of a country or the rejuvenation of a nation. No one talked about rejuvenation or confidence when the economy was weak and people were still hungry. But after 40 years of reform and opening-up, China's economy has made remarkable achievements. Over these 40 years, it has been transformed from a poor, backward and closed country into one that is becoming increasingly modernized, prosperous, open and confident.

The reform and opening-up policies launched in 1978 completely removed the Chinese people's century-old spiritual shackles and set the right direction for China's future development. The great cause of reform and opening-up was embarked on at the third plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which set the right ideological guidelines of emancipating people's minds, seeking truth from facts and taking economic construction as the primary focus. Standing at the height of history and human destiny, with great sense of responsibility and fearless courage, former leader Deng Xiaoping freed the minds of the Chinese people and set the right direction for China's future development.

Second, the Party has constantly reflected and reviewed its practices, and thereof has embarked on a path of socialism with Chinese characteristics which always gives top priority to the interests of the people and economic development. The political framework in China is the choice of all Chinese people and in line with China's national conditions. And with consideration of our own history and social conditions when learning from advanced countries' successful experience in terms of economic construction, social governance and national governance, we have successfully worked out our own path of development. China has no ambition to expand. We only strive to accomplish our mission and finish our own tasks

Third, we will always follow the path of a socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics. Some Western countries don't agree with China's market economy status. But I think this judgment is unilateral. There's no fixed pattern for a market economy. In a market economy, the role of government is limited, not omitted. Government needs to provide appropriate macro guidance according to different targets. It is more important for us to notice that the essence of market economy is competitive neutrality, policy neutrality and equality among all economic entities. We have always been looking for the functional boundary of market and government, and the laws of the market economy we learned in the progress of China's development is that the role of government should not be overstated, and the function of the market needs to be valued.

Fourth, Chinese people are diligent and eager to learn. The continuous improvement of the quality of Chinese labor and the social creativity has pushed the country to overcome the "middle-income trap". Many other countries could not escape this trap due to the lack of creativity and labor quality. For example, Argentina and Brazil in South America. Argentina was the world's seventh largest economy at the beginning of the last century. And the Brazilian economy developed vigorously in the 1960s and 1970s. Yet both countries are now stagnant. China's higher education has played an especially important role in improving Chinese labor quality and creativity, and will provide more talents for the future development. China's universities have cultivated generations of engineers, technicians and managers to facilitate the progress of modernization. China's aerospace industry has attained its achievements through the efforts of Chinese engineers.

At present, China is at a crucial stage in its historical development. We should fully study and evaluate the external environment at this stage. China should learn from the past 40 years' successful experience, unswervingly follow the path of market-oriented economic development, further expand its opening-up and firmly follow the path of law-based governance.

Opening-up is an important key for China's economic development. And law-based governance is the foundation for a stable society, and the precondition for being a modernized and influential country in the world.

As for the contradictions and problems in China's development, think tanks and media should consider them objectively and rationally. We should actively put into practice President Xi's proposal to build new think tanks with Chinese characteristics for a new era, boost the innovation capabilities and communication capabilities of China's think tanks so as to make them a core power for the country's rise, and provide Chinese wisdom and solutions to human development.

更多阅读：

关于我们

中国人民大学全球治理研究中心(Global Governance Research Center，RUC)成立于2017年3月9日，是北京巨丰金控科技有限公司董事长马琳女士向中国人民大学捐赠并由中国人民大学重阳金融研究院（人大重阳）负责运营管理的教育基金项目。中国人民大学全球治理研究中心由原外交部副部长、人大重阳高级研究员何亚非领衔，前中国银行副行长、国际商会执行董事、人大重阳高级研究员张燕玲担任学术委员会主任，旨在构建高层次、高水准的全球治理思想交流平台，并向社会发布高质量的全球治理研究报告，努力践行咨政、启民、伐谋、孕才的智库使命。

2018年1月，中国人民大学全球治理研究中心入围由美国宾州大学“智库研究项目”（TTSCP）推出的、国际公认度最高的《全球智库报告2017》的“亚洲大国智库90强”。

欢迎关注“全球治理研究中心”微信公众号

globalgovernance2017

长按二维码关注我