UK series 英国系列 6 | First Chinese People in the UK 在英国的第一批中国人
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There are many Chinese people in the UK now, but have you ever asked yourself, who was the first Chinese person to go to the UK? What was life like in those days?
现在在英国有很多中国人，但你有没有想过，谁是第一个来到英国的中国人？当时生活条件是如何？
1686
A young Jesuit convert from Nanking called Shen Fu Tsong arrived at the court of James II, becoming the first-recorded Chinese person to enter Britain. The King had Shen’s portrait painted and hung in his bed chamber. Shen worked to catalog the Chinese collection in the Bodleian Library.
1686年，一位年轻的耶稣会教徒从南京到达詹姆斯二世的宫廷，名叫沈福宗，他成为了记录上第一个进入英国的中国人。当时国王把沈的肖像画挂在他的卧室里。沈先生在博德莱恩图书馆为中国藏书编目。
1700s 十八世纪
The East India Company, which imports popular Chinese commodities such as tea, ceramics and silks, brings some Chinese sailors ashore.
17世纪：英国东印度公司进口最受欢迎的中国商品，如茶、陶瓷和丝绸，把一些中国水手带英国岸港。
1805
A specific Act of Parliament allows a Chinese person known as John Anthony to become the first Chinese man to be naturalized as a British citizen.
议会的一项特殊法案允许一个名叫John Anthony成为第一个英国公民的中国人。
1855
Wong Fun from Edinburgh receives his MD and becomes the first Chinese student to graduate from a British university.
来自爱丁堡的王芬获得医学学位，成为了第一个从英国大学毕业的中国学生。
1860s
The launch of new steam ships leads to increased recruitment of Chinese seamen to work on trading routes from the Far East. Chinese seamen are subjected to maltreatment, provided with less pay and afforded fewer rights than their British counterparts—a practice that will continue well into the 1900s.
新蒸汽船的下水导致越来越多的中国海员被招募到远东贸易航线上工作。但是他们与英国海员相比受到虐待，而且他们的工资低，权利少，这种做法将持续到20世纪。
1865
The first direct steamship service from Europe to China is established in Liverpool by Alfred and Philip Holt’s Blue Funnel Line, utilizing cheaper Chinese crews.
1865年，阿尔弗雷德和菲利普霍尔特的“蓝色漏斗线”在利物浦建立了第一条从欧洲到中国的直达轮船航线，利用底薪的中国船员。
1877
Kuo Sung-tao, the first Chinese Minister to Britain, opens a legation in London.
中国第一位驻英公使《Kuo Sung-tao》在伦敦设立公使馆。
1880s
Census indicates a total of 224 Chinese in Britain. (This figure errs on the conservative side, as the Chinese living in Britain tended to treat all agents of the British state with suspicion and hide themselves from census officers). Chinatowns begin to grow in London and Liverpool, with grocery stores, eating houses, meeting places and Chinese street names in London’s East End.
英国人口普查显示，英国共有224名华人。（但这一数字在保守派被认为是错误的，因为生活在英国的中国人往往对英国政府的所有官员持有怀疑的态度，并对人口普查官员隐瞒自己）。伦敦和利物浦的唐人街开始发展，在伦敦东区都开始有中国特色的杂货店、餐厅、会议场所和中国街道名称。
1890
There are two distinct-but-small Chinese communities in East London. Those from Shanghai settled around Pennyfields, Amoy Place and Ming Street and those from Canton and Southern China around Gill Street and Limehouse Causeway. Prejudices arise against the East End Chinese communities due to exaggerated reports of gambling and opium dens.
东伦敦有了两个不同但规模较小的华人社区。来自上海的华人在彭尼菲尔德、厦门和明街周围定居，来自广东和华南的人在吉尔街和利姆豪斯堤道周围定居。由于对赌博和鸦片窝点的夸大报道，对东区华人社区产生了偏见。
Late 1800s
Liverpool Chinatown
利物浦唐人街
Chinese seamen settle in ports such as London and Liverpool. A thriving Eurasiatown/Chinatown emerges in Liverpool, the hub of the Empire’s sea trade. Few Chinese women are able to come to Britain and Chinese seamen begin setting up home with local women. Many of these mixed couples cannot marry because the woman would automatically lose her British citizenship as a result of such a legal union.
中国海员在伦敦和利物浦等港口定居。一个繁荣的欧亚城镇/唐人街出现在利物浦，英国帝国的海上贸易中心。因为很少有中国女生能来到英国，中国海员开始与当地女生发展关系。这些跨族关系中的许多人不能结婚，因为虽然这样的关系是合法的，但是女方会自动失去英国公民身份。
Zhang Zhidong, an eminent Chinese politician of the late Qing Dynasty, advocates educational reform, believing that western learning is crucial to helping China to catch up with the West. A steady flow of students from China arrive in Britain to study at Cambridge or the LSE. Many Chinese graduates end up staying on in Britain. From this period until well into the 1900s, educated Chinese are shunned from certain careers. The first Chinese doctors trained in Britain are unable to pursue preferred careers such as obstetrics and gynecology.
晚清著名政治家张之洞主张教育改革，他认为西学东渐是中国赶超西方的关键。来自中国的学生源源不断地来到英国剑桥或伦敦证交所学习。许多中国毕业生最终打算留在英国。从这一时期一直到20世纪，受过教育的中国人被某些职业拒之门外。第一批在英国受训的中国医生无法从事妇产科等首选职业。
1896
Census records indicate a decline in the number of Chinese-born residents to 387 from 582 in 1891, of whom 80% are single males between 20 and 35, the majority being seamen.
人口普查记录显示，在中国出生的英国居民人数从1891的582人下降到387人，其中80%是20至35岁的单身男性，大多数是海员。
Early 1900s
Hundreds of Chinese laundries around Britain serve the needs of the British army, as well as British households and businesses. The Liverpool City Council becomes concerned about Chinese men marrying English wives, gambling and opium consumption. Liverpool’s Chief Constable, however, expresses the view that the resident Chinese are a “quiet, inoffensive and industrious people.”
英国各地数百家中国洗衣店为英国军队以及英国家庭和企业服务。利物浦市议会开始关注中国男人娶英国妻子、赌博和鸦片消费的行为。然而，利物浦的警察局长表示，当地的中国人群是一个“安静、无恶意、最勤劳的民族”
1900 to 1910
In response to the general increase in hostility against the Chinese, Chinese Mutual Aid associations are set up in London and Liverpool. In contrast to the semi-mythical Chinese (Masonic) secret societies, these associations look after the interests of their members, arrange burials and assist in cases of exploitation.
为了应对对中国人敌意的普遍增加，在伦敦和利物浦成立了中国互助协会。与半神话般的中国（共济会）秘密社团不同，这些社团关心其成员的利益，安排葬礼，并协助处理剥削案件。
1901
The first Chinese laundry opens in Poplar and is immediately destroyed by a hostile xenophobic crowd.
第一家中国洗衣店在白杨树开张，立马被敌对的仇外人群摧毁。
1907
The first Chinese restaurant opened in London.
伦敦第一家中餐馆开业。
1908
Crowds of angry British seamen opposed to the hiring of cheap Chinese crews, prevent Chinese seamen from signing on ships; the Chinese return to their boarding houses under police escort.
一群愤怒的英国海员反对雇佣底薪的中国船员，阻止中国海员签字；中国海员在警察的护送下返回他们的寄宿处。
1911
Census indicates 1,319 Chinese-born residents in Britain and 4,595 seamen of Chinese origin serving in the British Merchant Navy. In a wave of anti-Chinese sentiment, every single Chinese laundry in Cardiff is attacked during the Cardiff riots.
人口普查显示在英国的华裔居民有1319人，在英国商船队服役的华裔海员有4595人。在反华情绪的浪潮中，加的夫的每一家中国洗衣店都在加的夫骚乱期间遭到袭击。
1916
The British Government abandons plans to introduce several hundred thousand Chinese laborers into Britain, when trade union leaders protest that such a project would have “calamitous effects on the standard of life.”
英国政府放弃了向英国引进几十万中国劳工的计划，当时英国工会领导人抗议说这样的项目将“对生活水平造成灾难性影响”
A British ship carries 1,083 Chinese from Shandong, China, bound for Le Havre, as part of the first group of 100,000 coolies recruited to serve in the British Chinese Labor Corps digging trenches and latrines, repairing roads and railways, and unloading munitions and supplies in France for the Allied effort. Hundreds of Chinese students serve as translators. Many also work in armaments factories and naval shipyards or help to build munitions depots for a pittance of one to three francs a day. The Chinese are never allowed beyond camp grounds or to fraternize locally. (Their contribution will largely be forgotten until military ceremonies resume in 2002 at the Chinese cemetery of Noyelles-sur-Mer, France. Some 5,000 to 7,000 remain in France, forming the nucleus of what becomes the Chinese community in Paris.)
一艘英国船载着1083名中国人从中国山东启程前往勒阿弗尔，作为第一批10万名苦力的一部分，这些苦力被招募到英中劳工团，在法国挖掘战壕和厕所，修路和铁路，卸下军需品和补给。数以百计的中国学生担任翻译。许多人也在军工厂和海军造船厂工作，或者帮助建造军火库，每天工资只有一到三法郎。他们不被允许越过营地，也不允许跟当地女性谈恋爱。（他们的贡献将基本上被遗忘，直到2002年在法国诺耶尔斯苏梅尔的中国公墓恢复军事仪式。约还有5000至7000当时的华人留在法国，他们形成了巴黎华人社区的核心。）
1918
Census records show the number of Chinese living in Pennyfields, Poplar at 182; all are men, 9 of whom have English wives. At the end of WW1, the Chinese Labor Corps numbers some 96,000.
人口普查记录显示，居住在潘尼菲尔德、白杨树的中国人有182人；都是男性，其中9个娶英国妻子。在第一次世界大战结束时，中国的劳工队伍大约有96000人。
1919
The Aliens Restriction Act is extended to peacetime, causing a decline in the Chinese population in Britain.
《外国人限制法》延长到和平时期，导致英国华裔人口减少。
Some 80,000 in the Chinese Labor Corps continue to be contracted in post-WW1 Europe. The Zhong Shan Mutual Aid Workers Club is established, offering a meeting place free from ridicule and humiliation by the British, aiming to unite the overseas Chinese in Britain, improve their working conditions and to look after their welfare. The Cheung clansmen found a limited-liability company controlling a group of successful restaurants — the first step in a new trend.
中国劳工队伍中约有8万人继续在战后的欧洲签约。中山互助工作者俱乐部成立，提供一个不能受英国人嘲笑和羞辱的集会场所，旨在团结在英国的华侨华人，改善他们的工作条件，照顾他们的福利。张氏家族成立了一家有限责任公司，控制着一批成功的餐厅，这是新趋势的第一步。
1921
Census reports 2,419 Chinese living in Britain, including 547 laundrymen, 455 seamen and 26 restaurant workers.
人口普查报告2419名中国人居住在英国，包括547名洗衣工，455名海员和26名餐馆工人。
1931
Census indicates a decline to 1,934 Chinese residents. There are more than five hundred Chinese laundries established in Britain, and two Chinese restaurants in Soho catering to British clientele and West End theater crowds.
人口普查显示中国居民减少到1934人。在英国有500多家华人洗衣店，在索霍区有两家中餐馆，为英国客户和西区剧院观众提供服务。
1935
The first Chinese school, Zhonghua Middle School, is established in Middlefields, Ealing, with 30 students.
第一个华人开的中学——中华中学在伊岭米德菲尔德成立，开始的时候有30名学生。
1935
Hsiung Shih-I becomes the first Chinese to write and direct a West End play, an adaptation of the popular Chinese story Lady Precious Stream. It runs for 1,000 nights in London to glowing reviews and becomes a staple of repertory and school productions.
1935年，熊式一成为第一个写和执导西区话剧的中国人，这部话剧改编自流行的中国故事《贵溪夫人》。它在伦敦演续了1000个晚上，受到好评，成为剧目和学校制作的主要节目。
1942
Chinese seaman Poon Lim sets the world record for surviving 133 days alone in the South Atlantic on an 8-by-8-foot raft after his ship is sunk by a German submarine. After months at sea, a freighter passes nearby, but on approaching and realizing he is Chinese, the crew ignores his calls for help and moves on. He is spotted by a German U-boat performing gunnery drills in the area, which also chooses not to rescue him. He hits landfall at the mouth of a Brazilian river and spends four months in hospital until he is repatriated to the UK. Fully recovered, he decides to emigrate to the US to join the Navy, but is denied entry due to the Chinese Exclusion Act. However, due to his fame, Senator Warren Magnuson grants him a special dispensation. The US Navy subsequently deems him “unfit to be a sailor” due to having flat feet.
中国海员潘林在他的船被德国潜艇击沉后，用8长8宽英尺的木筏在南大西洋独自生存了133天，创造了世界纪录。在海上呆了几个月后，一艘货轮从附近经过，但当接近并意识到他是中国人时，船员们无视他的呼救，继续前行。一艘德国U型潜艇在该地区进行炮击演习时也发现了他，但是也选择不营救他。他在巴西河口登陆，在医院呆了四个月，直到被遣返回英国。完全康复后，他决定移居美国加入海军，但由于排华法案他被拒绝加入。然而，由于他的名声，参议员沃伦·马格努森给了他一个特例。再后来美国海军判断他“不适合当海员”，因为他有扁平的脚。
1945
At the end of WW2, the Home Office holds a meeting on October 19 and decides to remove all Chinese seamen from Liverpool, referring to them as an “undesirable element.” Chinese pay is immediately slashed. The War Risk Bonus still afforded to all seamen who served in WW2 efforts is withdrawn from the Chinese, who instantly become personae non gratae. Many find their contracts terminated or unrenewable, and hundreds are rounded up and repatriated. This is supported by local seamen's unions seeking to thwart competition from foreign labor.
二战结束后，内政部于10月19日召开会议，决定将所有中国海员从利物浦撤走，称他们是不受欢迎的人群。他们所得到的二战中服役的海员战争风险奖金被撤回，中国人马上就变成了不受欢迎的人。许多人发现他们的合同已经终止或无法续签，数百人被围捕并遣返回国。这一点得到了当地海员工会的支持，因为这样就不会收外国劳工的竞争。
1951
Census records show a considerable increase in Britain’s Chinese population to 12,523, of whom more than 4,000 are from British Malaya and 3,459 are from Hong Kong. Nearly 100 Chinese restaurants are operating in Britain, staffed by former embassy workers and ex-seamen. Remittances to Hong Kong reach an all-time high of HK$ 2.5 million.
人口普查记录显示，英国的中国人口达到了12523，其中超过4000来自英国马来亚，3459是来自香港。在英国有近100家中餐馆在营业，员工包括前大使馆工作人员和前海员。往香港的汇款达到250万港元，当前历史最高。
1958
The Inn of the Sixth Happiness screenshot
第六幸福客栈截图
The Inn of the Sixth Happiness, starring Ingrid Bergman, is shot in Snowdonia, Wales, using hundreds of British Chinese children from Liverpool as extras. The story is based on the true story of a Liverpool missionary who led a group of orphans across the mountains of north China to escape the invading Japanese army.
由英格丽·伯格曼主演的《第六幸福客栈》在威尔士斯诺多尼亚拍摄，数百名来自利物浦的英籍华人儿童担任临时演员。这个故事是根据一个利物浦传教士带领一群孤儿越过华北山区逃离日本侵略军的真实故事改编的。
1963
Soho’s Chinatown takes over East End as the Chinese hub. The Zhongshan Workers’ Club opens in the West End, showing films and running classes. The first Chinese New Year celebrations are held in Gerrard Street. The Overseas Chinese Service opens the first specialized agency offering translation and interpreting services assists the Chinese in orientation to a new society.
Soho的唐人街取代东区成为华人中心。中山工人俱乐部在西区开业，主要是播放电影和开课。第一届中国新年庆祝活动在杰拉德街举行。华侨社是中国第一家提供翻译和口译服务的专门机构，协助中国人走向新的社会。
1970s
Significant numbers of Chinese settle in Northern Ireland. Mandarin Chinese becomes the second most widely spoken “first language” in Northern Ireland after English.
相当一部分中国人在北爱尔兰定居。汉语普通话成为北爱尔兰仅次于英语的第二大“母语”。
1971
Census records show Britain’s Chinese population at 96,030. Nearly every small town and suburb in the UK has a Chinese restaurant. Of the 4,000 Chinese owned businesses, approximately 1,400 are restaurants; the takeaway trade is firmly established.
人口普查记录显示英国的中国人口为96030人。英国几乎每个小镇和郊区都有一家中餐馆。在这4000家中国企业中，大约1400家是餐馆，外卖业是牢固建立起来的。
1980
Considered a media breakthrough, David Yip stars as the main character in the popular TV series, The Chinese Detective.
叶大卫出演了热门电视剧《中国侦探》后被认为是媒体的突破。
1981
Census figures show there are 154,363 Chinese living in the UK, 35 Chinese-language newspapers on sale in 7 bookshops in Soho and some 30,000 Chinese children in British schools, of whom 75 percent are UK born.
人口普查数据显示，在英国生活的中国人有154363人，在索霍区7家书店出售的华文报纸和期刊有35种，在英国学校有约3万名中国儿童，其中75%是在英国出生的。
1987
Manchester’s Chinatown Archway, the largest in Europe, is completed, marking cooperation between the government of China, the Manchester City Council and the local Chinese community.
欧洲最大的中国城拱门曼彻斯特落成，标志着中国政府、曼彻斯特市议会和当地华人社区的合作。
Do you still wanna be a Chinese in the UK? Let us know why~
还想在英国定居吗？留下你的评论告诉我您的看法～
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