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你能分得清新闻里“夹带私货”吗?| 双语轻阅读

译介 2023-06-20


很多学语言的同学可能都听过单词“阴性”“阳性”的概念,但你听说过“言据性”(evidentiality)吗?


在日常生活中,我们跟朋友谈论时会提到一些数据,让自己听起来更加可信;新闻撰稿人会将事实和观点融合在一起,让人无法辨别真伪。


而有些语言本身就具有“言据性”的特点,它们会通过语法规则来体现内容的可信度。


究竟是怎么一回事呢?我们一起来看今天的文章吧。



Can you tell fact from opinion? Some languages sort it for you.

你能区分事实和观点吗?有些语言可以帮你辨别。


But the words we use do more than this. Language systems bias what we see. For instance, consider how gendered languages feminize or masculinize things. In Greek, “death” is masculine, but in Russian it's feminine. In Spanish, a bridge is male. In German, it's female. What's more, Spanish speakers tend to describe bridges as being “big,” “sturdy,” and “strong.” German speakers will use adjectives like “elegant,” “slender,” and “pretty.” Two cultures using gender stereotypes — for bridges.

但我们所使用的词语的作用不止于此。语言系统会影响我们看到的东西。例如,性别化语言如何将事物分为阴性或阳性。在希腊语中,“死亡”是阳性的,但在俄语中却是阴性的。在西班牙语中,桥梁是阳性的。而在德语中,它是阴性的。此外,说西班牙语的人倾向于将桥梁描述为“大”“结实”和“坚固”。说德语的人则会使用“优雅”“纤细”和“漂亮”等形容词。两种文化对于桥梁也存在性别刻板印象。



知识点


bias /'baɪəs/ v. 使有偏见;使倾向一方

masculine /'mæskjʊlɪn/ adj. 属于男性的;阳性的

masculinize / ˈmæskjəlɪnaɪz / vt. (使)男性化,雄性化

feminine /'femɪnɪn/ adj. 女性的;阴性的

feminize /ˈfemənaɪz / vt. 使……女性化;具有女性风度

gender stereotype 性别刻板印象

gendered languages 性别化语言


知识拓展:


语法学中有一个概念叫做“语法性别”(grammatical gender),是一些语言语法中的一个系统,其中名词被归类为属于某个特定的性别,通常是男性(阳性)、女性(阴性)或中性。采用“语法性别”的语言就可以被称为“gendered languages”。


In other words, “grammatical category of the labels affected the semantic representation of the objects,” as a 2003 study noted. Grammar affects understanding. But one of the more philosophically interesting aspects of linguistics is known as “evidentiality.”

换句话说,正如2003年的一项研究指出的:“标签的语法范畴影响了对事物的语义表述。”语法会影响理解。但是在哲学上,语言学中有个更有趣的概念,被称为“言据性”。


知识点


semantic / sɪˈmæntɪk / adj. 语义的;语义学的

linguistics /lɪŋ'gwɪstɪks/ n. 语言学

evidentiality n. 言据性


知识拓展


言据性(evidentiality)是一个语言学中的语法概念,用于指明陈述内容是否有证据来源。言据性的使用往往反应内容的可信度及说话者的态度。表达言据性的方式可以是语用上的或语法上的。


How do you know that?

你怎么知道的?


The modern world demands a lot of bluff, bluster, and bravado. We're often loathe and reluctant to admit just how unsure we are about certain things. It's generally considered a bad thing if you don't know something or to admit ignorance (especially when you “ought” to know).

现代世界需要大量的虚张声势、装腔作势和做张做势。我们常常不喜欢也不愿意承认我们对某些事情有多么不确定。如果你不知道某件事或承认自己无知,通常会被认为是件坏事(尤其是当你“应该”知道的时候)。


知识点


bluff /blʌf/ n. 虚张声势

bluster /'blʌstə/ n. 气势汹汹的话

bravado /brə'vɑːdəʊ/ n. 逞能,虚张声势


▲ 翻译点津:


Bluff、bluster和bravado都有“虚张声势”之意,在翻译的时候可以用上“虚张声势”的同义词“装腔作势”和“做张做势”。当然,如果你把这三个词精简地翻译成“虚张声势”也可。


Most modern languages reflect that. If we're talking with friends and we repeat a statistic we sort of remember, our language presents it with the exact same certainty as everything else. To listeners, there's really no way to tell whether you're sure of what you say.

大多数现代语言都反映了这一点。如果我们和朋友聊天时,重复一个我们有点印象的统计数字,我们的语言就会将它呈现得和其他东西一样确定。对于听众来说,真的没有办法知道你是否对你说的东西有把握。



But certain languages have these knowledge concepts baked into their grammar. For example, the Fasu of Papua New Guinea will add “a-re” around a word if they have visual proof for it — so, “a-pe-re” would be “[I see] it is coming.” The Koasati language of the Native American Coushatta people will change words if they have auditory proof (i.e. they heard it themselves). The Carib language of South America has 17 different particles depending on how they learned something.

但是,有些特定语言的语法本身就存在这种知识性的概念。例如,巴布亚新几内亚的Fasu人如果对于某事是亲眼所见,就会在一个词旁边加上 “a-re”,所以,“a-pe-re”就是“[我看到]它来了([I see] it is coming.)”。在美洲原住民库沙塔人的Koasati语言中,如果他们有听觉证据(即他们自己亲耳听到的),就会改变单词。南美洲的加勒比语有17种不同的虚词,这取决于他们如何得知某样东西。


知识点


“depending on how they learned something”


这里的learn可不能翻译成“学习”,它指的是“得知,获悉”


Many of these languages will divide words into “direct evidentials” (things that I've learned myself) or “indirect evidentials” (things that I've heard second-hand or had to infer). Matters get even more complicated when you consider indirect evidentials can be further broken down into “quotative” (hearsay or testimony) and “inferential” (deduced by some reasoning). For example, Paiwan spoken in South East Taiwan will have grammatical inflections for the sentence like “it rained last night,” depending on whether you saw it yourself or inferred it from the wet grass and deep puddles.

许多这样的语言会将单词分为“直接证据”(我自己亲自获悉的东西)或 “间接证据”(我听到的第二手资料或需要推断一番的东西)。如果你考虑将间接证据进一步细分为“引证”(传闻或证词)和“推论”(通过某种推理推导出来的),事情就会变得更加复杂。例如,中国台湾东南部的排湾族语对“昨晚下雨了”这样的句子会有语法上的屈折变化,这取决于你是亲眼所见还是从湿草和深水坑推断出来的。



(All of the above examples are indebted to the brilliant World Atlas of Language Structures.)

(感谢杰出的《世界语言结构地图集》提供了上述所有例子。)


知识点


“Matters get even more complicated when you consider indirect evidentials can be further broken down into “quotative” (hearsay or testimony) and “inferential” (deduced by some reasoning). ”


如果你把“when you consider indirect evidentials can be further broken down into”翻译成“当你考虑到间接证据可以进一步分为……”,你会发现句子读起来有点怪怪的,不太符合中文习惯,这里翻译成“如果你考虑将间接证据进一步细分为”读起来会更通顺一些。


The value of evidentiality

言据性的价值


Knowing how we know something is important because we tend to give different weight and credibility depending on its source. Saying “I saw something” is treated more highly than “I heard from someone that…” It would be useful in life to know just how certain someone is about what they say.

知道我们获悉某件事的途径是很重要的,因为我们倾向于根据信息的来源给予不同的重视度和可信度。说“我看到了什么”比“我从某人那里听说......”更受重视。在生活中,了解某人对他们所说的话有多大的把握是很有用的。



The evidential vagaries of the most common languages in the world can be easily exploited. For instance, many of the news articles we read will artfully fuse facts with opinions — sometimes deliberately, sometimes not. In 2015, the Pew Research Center conducted an investigation into how well Americans could discern fact from opinion.

世界上一些最常见语言的言据性变化无常,很容易被人利用。例如,我们阅读的许多新闻文章会巧妙地将事实与观点融合在一起,有时是故意的,有时并不是。2015年,皮尤研究中心做了一项调查:研究美国人辨别事实和观点的能力。


知识点


vagaries / ˈveɪɡəriz / n. 奇思遐想;变幻莫测(vagary 的复数)


▲ 知识拓展:


Pew Research Center 皮尤研究中心:美国的一间独立性民调机构,总部设于华盛顿特区。该中心对那些影响美国乃至世界的问题、态度与潮流提供信息资料。


To do so, “respondents were shown a series of news-related statement, five factual statements, five opinions and two statements that don't fit clearly into either.” The study revealed that only 26% of adults could identify all of the factual statements, while 36% could spot the opinions. Also deeply unsurprising was that if “Americans see a news statement as factual, they overwhelmingly also believe it to be accurate,” and vice versa. We are more likely to call something a fact if we agree with it.

为此,他们“向受访者展示了一系列与新闻有关的陈述, 五项事实陈述、五项观点和两项不属于前面任何一类的陈述”。该研究显示,只有26%的成年人能够识别所有的事实性陈述,36%的人能够分辨出观点。同样令人深感意外的是,如果“美国人将某一新闻声明视为事实,他们绝大多数人也会相信它是准确的”,反之亦然。如果我们认可某件事情,我们就更有可能将其称为事实。



There are some people who are born into cultures where this appreciation of certainty or evidence is engrained in how they see the world. Of course, this does not mean that these languages or peoples are immune to lying or deception. It would be just as easy to say you saw something when in fact you only heard about it, for example. What's more, while grammar systems like English don't have ingrained evidentiality, it's still a hugely versatile and adaptable language. Adding qualifiers like “it seems that,” “I reckon,” or “I think” before a sentence adds a touch of evidentiality.

有一些人出生在这样的文化中:对确定性和证据性的理解在他们看待世界的方式中根深蒂固。当然,这并不意味着这些语言或民族对撒谎或欺骗行为是免疫的。例如,如果你说你看到了什么,但实际上这只是你听来的,这情况也很容易出现。而且,虽然像英语这样的语法系统不具有根深蒂固的言据性,但它仍然是一种用途广泛、适应性强的语言。在一个句子前添加像“似乎”“我估计”或“我认为”这样的修饰语,可以增加一丝言据性。


知识点


engrain /ɪn'ɡreɪn/ v. 使根深蒂固


“this appreciation of certainty or evidence”


“对确定性和证据性的欣赏”?这里的appreciation并不是“欣赏”,它相当于understanding,“理解”


If nothing else, the presence of evidentiality does raise interesting epistemological questions about how our cultures value and treat facts, opinions, evidence, and testimony. Perhaps it might be that some cultures are born to philosophy more than others?

如果不出意外的话,言据性的存在确实提出了一个有趣的认识论问题,即我们的文化如何重视和对待事实、观点、证据和证词。也许,有些文化比其他文化更富有与生俱来的哲学性?


知识点


epistemological / ɪˌpɪstəməˈlɒdʒɪk(ə)l / adj. 认识论的


名词形式是epistemology / ɪˌpɪstəˈmɒlədʒi / n. 认识论


▲ 知识拓展:


认识论(epistemology)即个体的知识观,也即个体对知识和知识获得所持有的信念,主要包括有关知识结构和知识本质的信念和有关知识来源和知识判断的信念,以及这些信念在个体知识建构和知识获得过程的调节和影响作用。



编辑:Joan、Jennifer英文来源:Big Think*对应译文采用DeepL机翻+文章编辑撰写由译介翻译团队完成,仅供参考,不当之处欢迎大家在评论区讨论!

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