其他
喜欢宅家是种叫做Hikikomori的病？ | 《科学美国人》双语解析
一晃眼，新冠疫情已经伴随我们两年多的时间。新冠疫情暴发后，欧美国家有许多人开始了居家隔离的生活。正当其他人因为无法外出社交感到无聊苦闷之时，有这么一群人却十分“悠然自得”——他们就是Hikikomori（蛰居族）。心理专家表示“蛰居族”是一种病，疫情有可能会让“蛰居族”的数量激增。
究竟什么是“蛰居族”？疫情又会给他们带来哪些影响呢？让我们一起在《科学美国人》的这篇文章中寻找答案吧。
（ps：大家可以注意译文，学学怎么把科普文章翻得更易懂、更通顺哦~）
学习要点
带着问题去精读
*文章来源：Scientific American*本文中原文及部分例句翻译均采用机翻+译介译后编辑团队完成，仅供参考。 不当之处欢迎大家在评论区讨论。*机翻平台：DeepL
1
COVID Threatens to Bring a Wave of Hikikomori to America新冠疫情可能会给美国带来一波蛰居族浪潮
In 2014, a vibrant and well-traveled patient I will call Alice, whom I was treating for bipolar disorder, began refusing to leave her home after a prolonged course of physical rehabilitation for a spinal injury. None of the usual diagnoses—depression, anxiety or agoraphobia—explained her withdrawal, which continued after medications stabilized her mood. Patients with these conditions typically maintain a desire to be with others, but Alice had shut out the world.爱丽丝是一个充满活力、游历甚广的病人，2014年我在帮她治疗双相情感障碍。在为脊柱受伤进行了长期的身体康复治疗后，她开始拒绝出门。通常这种情况会被诊断成抑郁症、焦虑症或恐高症，但这些都不能解释她的孤僻，在药物稳定了她的情绪后，她仍然拒绝出门。患有这些疾病的病人通常还会有与他人相处的意愿，但爱丽丝却将世界拒之门外。
📒 精读解析：
No.1
bipolar disorder
意为“躁郁症; 双相情感障碍”
双相情感障碍（BD）又名双相障碍，是一种既有躁狂症发作，又有抑郁症发作（典型特征）的常见精神障碍，首次发病可见于任何年龄。（来自百度百科）
bipolar一词应该是比较好记忆的，可以依据构词法把它分成bi+polarbi-为一个常见前缀，意为“两个”
例如：bilingual /baɪ'lɪŋgw(ə)l/ adj. 双语的
No.2
physical rehabilitation
意为“物理治疗；身体康复治疗”
动词形式为rehabilitate /riːhə'bɪlɪteɪt/
表示：to help someone to live a healthy, useful, or active life again after they have been seriously ill or in prison
意思是“协助〔重病患者〕康复；帮助〔刑满释放者〕恢复正常生活”
例句：a special unit for rehabilitating stroke patients 协助中风患者康复的特殊病房the rehabilitation of mentally ill patients 精神病患者的康复治疗
No.3
spinal injury
意思是“脊柱损伤”
spinal /'spaɪn(ə)l/ adj. 脊柱的；脊椎的
例句：The tensible strength of vagus and spinal nerves is very alike .迷走神经与脊神经的拉伸强度几乎完全相同。
No.4
depression /dɪ'preʃ(ə)n/
表示 a medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious and often prevents you from living a normal life，即我们常说的“抑郁症”
抑郁症是现在最常见的一种心理疾病，以连续且长期的心情低落为主要的临床特征，是现代人心理疾病最重要的类型。（来自百度百科）
例句：women who suffer from post-natal depression 患产后忧郁症的女性
▲ 你知道the (Great) Depression是什么意思吗？
它特指（20 世纪 30 年代经济萧条大量失业的时期）大萧条
在这里depression表示“经济萧条期，不景气时期”，此时它与recession为同义词
例如：the devastating effects of economic depression 经济萧条的惨烈后果
No.5
agoraphobia /ˌæg(ə)rə'fəʊbɪə/
agoraphobia为名词，意为“广场[旷野]恐惧症”
广场恐惧症又名广场恐怖症，为焦虑症的一种。特指在公共场合或者开阔的地方停留的极端恐惧，因为要逃离这种地方是不可能的或者是会令人感到尴尬的。（来自百度百科）
与之相对的claustrophobia /ˌklɔːstrə'fəʊbɪə/ 意为“幽闭恐惧症”
-phobia为常见后缀，表示疾病
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Recalling a 2010 paper by colleagues from the University of California, San Francisco, I suspected that Alice was experiencing hikikomori, a syndrome of extreme social isolation originally found in Japan that described primarily young men who confined themselves at home rather than attend school or go to work. The study proposed diagnostic criteria that have yet to be recognized in the United States, expanding the definition of hikikomori to include any person who is homebound most of the day, nearly every day for over six months, as a result of persistent avoidance of social situations and relationships. After five years of psychotherapy, I got Alice to gradually venture out of her apartment until the COVID-19 pandemic siloed her back inside.回顾加州大学旧金山分校的同事们在2010年发表的一篇论文，我怀疑爱丽丝正在受蛰居症的困扰。这是一种最初在日本发现的极端社交孤立的综合征，主要描述的是那些呆在家里而不去上学或工作的年轻男子。这项研究提出的诊断标准在美国尚未得到认可，它将蛰居症的定义扩大到包括任何一天中大部分时间都待在家里的人，为了持续回避社交场合和人际关系，他们在超过六个月的时间段里几乎每天都待在家里。经过五年的心理治疗，我让爱丽丝逐渐走出她的公寓，直到新冠疫情又让她再次宅在家中。
📒 精读解析：
No.1
hikikomori
本文的主题是hikikomori，意为“蛰居族”，日文写作“ひきこもり”或“引き籠もり”
在文中的语境我们可以把它翻译成“蛰居症”
我们也能在本文中找到蛰居症的定义：a syndrome of extreme social isolation originally found in Japan that described primarily young men who confined themselves at home rather than attend school or go to work.
syndrome /'sɪndrəʊm/综合征〔常用于疾病名称〕
表示：an illness which consists of a set of physical or mental problems – often used in the name of illnesses
例句：people who suffer from irritable bowel syndrome 患有肠道过敏综合征的人The Institute says that an unidentified virus is to blame for the syndrome.该研究所表示，引起这种综合症的是一种尚未确认的病毒。
No.2
extreme social isolation
意为“极端社交孤立”
isolation /aɪsə'leɪʃ(ə)n/ 为名词，指“隔绝；孤立；分离”
例句：he isolation of rural areas 乡村地区的与世隔绝Because of its geographical isolation, the area developed its own unique culture.由于地理上的隔绝，该地区发展了自己独特的文化。isolation hospital/ward 隔离医院/病房
No.3
diagnostic criteria
中文指“诊断标准”
diagnostic /daɪəg'nɒstɪk/ 意为“诊断的”
表示：relating to or used for discovering what is wrong with someone or something
例句：Doctors depend on accurate diagnostic tools. 医生依靠精确的诊断工具。
criteria是criterion /kraɪ'tɪərɪən/的复数形式，意为“〔判断、决定的〕标准，准则”
例句：the criteria we use to select candidates 我们挑选候选人的标准Academic ability is not the sole criterion for admission to the college.学术能力不是大学招生的唯一标准。
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The tendency of some vaccinated people to continue self-isolating during periods of relatively low COVID infection rates has been called “cave syndrome.” Hikikomori is a chronic mental illness that stems from a fear of others, whereas cave syndrome is a temporary inability to readjust baseline social habits, such as not seeing friends or eating in restaurants. The danger comes when maladaptive behaviors are brushed off as cave syndrome when they are really the beginnings of hikikomori.一些接种疫苗的人在新冠病毒感染率相对较低的时期仍然有自我隔离的倾向，这种情况被称为“洞穴综合征”。蛰居症是一种慢性精神疾病，源于对他人的恐惧，而洞穴综合征则是暂时无法重新调整基本的社会习惯，如无法与朋友见面或在餐馆吃饭。当这种不利于适应环境的行为被当成洞穴综合征被忽视时，危险就来了，因为它们实际上是蛰居症的征兆。
📒 精读解析：
No.1
a chronic mental illness
是“慢性精神疾病”的意思
chronic /'krɒnɪk/做形容词，意为“〔疾病〕慢性的；〔问题、困难〕反复出现的”
例句：chronic asthma 慢性哮喘chronic heart disease 慢性心脏病chronic unemployment 长期的失业问题
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Hikikomori is a recent development in Western countries, with the bulk of epidemiological research on hikikomori having been conducted in Asian countries. A 2010 study estimates that 1.2 percent of Japan’s population is hikikomori, and a 2015 survey finds a 2.6 percent prevalence of hikikomori in Hong Kong. Hikikomori was originally considered a culture-bound syndrome; however, a concerning number of case reports have been published in countries as diverse as Spain, South Korea and Nigeria. 对蛰居症的研究在西方国家是最近几年才开始的，大部分关于蛰居症的流行病学研究都是在亚洲国家进行的。2010年的一项研究估计，日本有1.2%的人口是蛰居者，而2015年的一项调查发现，中国香港的蛰居症患病率为2.6%。蛰居症最初被认为是一种受文化影响的综合征；然而，在西班牙、韩国和尼日利亚等不同国家已经发表了令人担忧的病例报告。
Two case reports of Americans with hikikomori have been reported in the past decade and a survey conducted by researchers at the University of Buffalo found that 2.7 percent of a sample of American university students have been hikikomori in the past. Apart from these studies, there have been no systematic investigations into the prevalence of hikikomori in the United States. Without this information, our health care system is unequipped to help potentially thousands of homebound people who might have hikikomori. This includes people like Alice; homebound people are disproportionately older women of color.在过去的十年中，有两份关于美国人患有蛰居症的病例报告，布法罗大学的研究人员进行的一项调查发现，在美国大学生的样本中，有2.7%的人过去曾是蛰居者。除了这些研究之外，尚没有对蛰居症在美国的患病率进行系统调查。没有这些信息，我们的医疗保健系统就没有能力帮助成千上万可能患有蛰居症的居家者。这包括像爱丽丝这样的人；居家者中，有色人种的老年妇女比例过高。
5
American psychiatrists and researchers are largely unaware of hikikomori because it superficially resembles social anxiety disorder or agoraphobia; these were some of the illnesses I thought afflicted Alice until I dived a bit deeper. These disorders share social withdrawal as a symptom, but Alice’s did not improve with medications. Furthermore, she denied having panic attacks, the hallmark of agoraphobia. I decided to focus on psychotherapy, which revealed that Alice’s withdrawal was rooted in a fixed belief that she fundamentally could not belong in society, rather than just an anxiety about social situations.美国的精神病学家和研究人员在很大程度上不了解蛰居症，因为它表面上类似于社会焦虑症或公共场所恐惧症；在深入研究之前，这些是我认为困扰爱丽丝的一些疾病。这些疾病都有社交退缩的症状，但爱丽丝的症状在药物治疗后并没有改善。此外，她否认有惊恐发作的症状，这是公共场所恐惧症的特征。我决定把重点放在心理治疗上，这表明爱丽丝的退缩是源于一种固执的观念，即她从根本上没办法在社会上找到归属感，而不仅仅是对社交场合的焦虑。
📒 精读解析：
No.1
psychiatrist /saɪ'kaɪətrɪst/
意思是“精神科医生”
与它很接近的一个词是psychologist /saɪ'kɒlədʒɪst/表示：someone who is trained in psychology 心理学家
例句：a clinical psychologist 临床心理学家
No.2
“症状”的英文表达是什么呢？
我们常说某某病出现什么样的症状，“症状”可以用symptom来表示。
symptom /'sɪm(p)təm/n. something wrong with your body or mind which shows that you have a particular illness 症状
例句：Common symptoms of diabetes are weight loss and fatigue. 糖尿病的常见症状是消瘦和疲劳。
它还可以表示“〔严重问题存在的〕征兆，征候”
例句：The disappearance of jobs is a symptom of a deeper socioeconomic change.工作岗位减少是社会经济发生进一步变化的一个征兆。
6
Another obstacle to global acceptance of hikikomori is the incorrect assumption that, with a Japanese name, the condition is specific to Japan. There is also the larger issue of stigma against mental illness and homebound people, who are physically invisible to society and whose lifestyle has been normalized by the pandemic. Multiple barriers, namely dependence on caregivers and difficulties with visiting primary care physicians, prevent homebound people from receiving adequate care. This limited access leads to excessive emergency room visits and hospitalizations, which is why homebound people account for roughly half of the most costly 5 percent of American patients.在全球范围内不太接受蛰居症这一概念的另一个原因是，大家认为这个病有一个日本名字，所以是日本特有的。这种假设是错的。还有一个更大的问题是对精神疾病和居家者的污名化，这些人在社会上是不被看见的，他们的生活方式已经被新冠疫情“正常化”。对看护人的依赖、难以寻求初级护理医师的帮助，这重重阻碍使得居家者无法得到充分的照顾。护理医师的紧缺造成了过多的急诊和住院情况，这就是为什么在美国花钱最多的5%的病人中，居家者占了将近一半。
No.1
stigma /'stɪgmə/
为名词，意为“耻辱，羞辱，见不得人的感觉”
表示 a strong feeling in society that being in a particular situation or having a particular illness is something to be ashamed of
例句：The stigma of alcoholism makes it difficult to treat. 酗酒的恶名令其很难治愈。
No.2
mental illness
指“精神疾病”
mental /'ment(ə)l/ 意为“精神健康的；精神状态的（仅用于名词前）”
例句：The centre provides help for people suffering from mental illness .这个中心为精神病患者提供帮助。
No.3
你知道“记在脑子里”的英文表达吗？
可以用make a mental note表示，它指to make a special effort to remember something
例句：Sarah made a mental note to ask Janine about it later.萨拉心里记着一会儿要向雅尼娜问问这事。
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To prevent people from progressing to hikikomori, we need to encourage family members or friends who are socially withdrawn and also experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety or fatigue to leave their homes for exercise or meeting others face-to-face. In the situation where someone is consistently refusing care or denying the nature of their isolation, we recommend helping them seek a consultation with a psychiatrist or psychotherapist. Local community centers can facilitate social work and in-home health aide visits. And we recommend in-person visits; although telehealth appointments are convenient, they risk reinforcing self-isolating behaviors.为了防止人们变成蛰居者，我们需要鼓励那些社交退缩，同时出现抑郁、焦虑或疲劳症状的家庭成员或朋友走出家门，去锻炼或与他人面对面地交流。在有人一直拒绝他人照顾或否认自己性格孤僻的情况下，我们建议帮助他们咨询精神科医生或心理治疗师。当地社区中心可以加强社会福利工作和家庭健康护理员的到访。而且我们建议到访要在线下进行；虽然远程医疗预约很方便，但有可能加重自我隔离的行为。
No.1
fatigue /fə'tiːg/
提到“疲惫的”，你首先想到的一定是tired
fatigue 做名词，表示“疲劳，疲乏，劳累”
用法：with/from fatigue 疲惫地
例句：Sam’s face was grey with fatigue. 萨姆累得脸色发灰。He’s suffering from physical and mental fatigue. 他身心交瘁。
No.2
telehealth
依据构词法可以把它拆分成tele+health
tele-这个前缀表示“遥远的”
telehealth便是最近兴起的“远程医疗”啦
8
The pandemic has made life very uncertain for people. In some ways, we are opening up, but in others, especially with the rise of the Omicron variant, we are talking about shutting down again. While many of us look forward to returning to society when we feel it is safe to do so, some of us do not, and will not. Throughout this next phase of our COVID lives, we must remember the invisible Americans like Alice who will have to fight a longer, more complicated battle to return to society.疫情让人们的生活充满了不确定。在某些方面，我们正在逐渐解封，但在其他方面，特别是随着奥密克戎变异株的肆虐，我们谈论起再次暂时停工的问题。虽然我们中的许多人都期待着在我们认为安全情况的下重返社会，但一些人没有，也不会这样做。在新冠疫情的下一个阶段，我们必须记住，像爱丽丝这样“隐形”的美国人，他们将不得不为回归社会而进行更长时间、更复杂的战斗。
No.1
the Omicron variant
是在2021年年末被检测出的新型冠状病毒变种
中文翻译为“奥密克戎”
让我们看China Daily是如何报道Omicron的：
Austria is battling to control the spread of the Omicron variant of the novel coronavirus, which led to a record high 27,677 COVID-19 cases being identified on Wednesday, according to the Austrian Ministry of Health, which forecasts that daily infections are set to peak at 40,000 next week.奥地利卫生部表示，奥地利正在努力控制新型冠状病毒奥密克戎变体的传播，这导致周三发现的新冠病例达到创纪录的27,677例，该部预测，下周的日感染量将达到峰值40,000例。
variant /'veərɪənt/ 意为“变体”
表示：something that is slightly different from the usual form of something
它常和 of/on 搭配使用
例句：This game is a variant of netball. 这种运动是无挡板篮球的一种变化形式。
编辑：Joan
译后编辑：Joan
排版：Jennifer
审校：Jennifer
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