芭丽莎卡娃:当代俄罗斯史研究的帝国视角探析
来源:《史学集刊》2023年第4期“海外学人视点”。
摘 要:20世纪80年代以来,世界范围内的俄罗斯史研究出现了明显的“帝国热”倾向。这一热潮的出现,不能简单地归结为单一的学科发展趋势,其中也包含通过政治学、民族学、文化学、社会学、语言学、性别学等多学科视角进行的综合研究。在此背景下,史学研究的帝国化视角可以理解为脱离先前单一的民族国家桎梏,转向突出帝国的后殖民时代背景。新时期的俄罗斯帝国研究以“帝国范式”为主要分析工具,突破了原有的不适用于帝国研究的民族国家研究范式,帝国的“古老”叙事也在本质上突破了旧有的对历史上某一个时间节点、历史人物或者历史事件的碎片化理解,进而以跨学科的研究方式将帝国史研究置于多学科视角下。
关键词:俄国史研究;俄罗斯帝国;帝国范式;帝国转向;跨学科研究
01
俄罗斯帝国史研究的新“帝国范式”
综上所述,传统的社会科学研究为历史学家建立了一套现成的、固有的对于帝国的认知模式:将帝国视为前现代事物,指出其不可避免地要走向消亡并让位于现代民族国家;帝国作为“古老”的国家形态,其特点为统治者的权力不可分割、政府的暴力手段、不平等和歧视、权力从中心向边缘扩展、社会结构等级森严等;帝国与压迫和落后等形象联系在一起,最终必将被进步的民族国家所取代;学者将民族国家的出现视为一场进步与民主运动,同时对帝国和帝国主义的批判也在二战后成为西方舆论的主流取向。而俄罗斯帝国史研究中新的“帝国范式”的出现,对上述旧的“帝国叙事”提出了质疑与挑战。
02
帝国研究的转型与理论争鸣
20世纪八九十年代,伴随着新思潮的出现,帝国研究发生了历史性转变。20多年来,帝国主义及其“欧洲中心论”色彩饱受批判,相关学者认为帝国主义是滞后的意识形态。随着有关民族主义、种族问题和帝国建构等研究的深化,人们发现传统的、欧洲的规范研究并不尽如人意,很难完整地诠释历史的变化及发展,帝国研究的主要内容因此发生变迁,逐渐被置于一个新的研究框架下。
总之,在新的“帝国范式”的影响下,帝国研究的转型与相关理论探讨出现在多个细分领域,围绕俄罗斯帝国史研究的主题和内容也相应发生了变化,与传统的帝国研究范式间的张力愈发明显。同时,部分学者仍用传统的史学观念理解政治,没有脱离旧的参考框架。在冷战期间一直备受关注的“苏联与西方”的二分法观念,仍被部分研究人员所采纳。经验性研究倾向于强调俄罗斯帝国的“特殊性”,与此同时,诸多学者并不否认俄罗斯帝国与欧洲大国的相似性。在历史和地理层面,俄国既有西方的一面,也有东方的一面,进一步凸显了俄罗斯帝国史研究中的复杂与矛盾之处。
03
俄罗斯帝国的形成、扩张与治理
当代俄罗斯史学界普遍认为,彼得大帝建立俄罗斯帝国之前,在1552年伊凡雷帝征服喀山汗国时,俄罗斯的帝国体制就已经建立。学者们倾向于在通史的背景下看待俄罗斯帝国的历史发展,俄罗斯与奥斯曼帝国、萨法维帝国、莫卧儿帝国和清帝国都是在蒙古帝国遗产的基础上,发展出类似的帝国意识形态与统治策略。[38]
以纪念一战为主题的研究借助“帝国范式”,阐述了俄罗斯帝国的兴衰,其中具有启示意义的是《战争中的帝国和民族主义》(The Empire and Nationalism at War)文集,它以1914年至1922年俄罗斯的战争与革命为主题。[80]美国佛罗里达罗马天主教学院的高级研究员桑伯恩(J.Sanborn)解释了帝国衰落的典型问题:帝国衰落的危机早在萨拉热窝刺杀事件之前就已出现,俄国经历了从“被挑战的帝国”(桑伯恩认为1916年中亚民族起义是对帝国统治的挑战)到“社会灾难”,再到内战期间帝国的彻底衰落。二月革命之后,新兴的联邦政治体制可以在不破坏中央集权体制的情况下满足地方精英的自治需要。然而1917年民族主义运动的高涨与反殖民口号的传播,削弱了立宪民主党的政治权威。“民族自决”与“没有兼并和赔偿的世界”等口号获得了俄罗斯民众的支持及国际社会的认可。桑伯恩认为,虽然1917年标志着俄罗斯帝国的崩溃,但早在1914年8月,随着一战俄德前线地区出现的权力真空、无政府状态及社会经济崩溃等状况的加剧,无疑已为俄罗斯帝国的衰落埋下了伏笔。[81]
04
结语
学界在俄罗斯史研究中发起的“帝国转向”催生了诸多成果,在多民族视角下对帝国历史进行了充分研究,指出帝国统治的意识形态在扩大帝国疆域和维持政权稳定等方面所发挥的作用,并对相关的文化和宗教政策进行了详细分析。欧美历史学家在研究18—19世纪俄罗斯帝国对其庞大疆域的治理时,重点关注帝国当局针对新占领地区的基督教化和俄罗斯化政策,指出在这一过程中启蒙教育发挥了重要作用。通过对相关问题的考察,我们可以得出几点认识:首先,在俄罗斯帝国不断扩张的过程中,东正教是其凝聚力量的重要工具,通过在不同时间、地点、情境中采取灵活多样的宗教政策,帝国当局得以针对国内外的情况迅速做出反应;其次,俄罗斯化政策出现的时间其实相当晚,第一个成文的俄罗斯化政策出台于尼古拉一世执政时期,该政策在1863年波兰革命后被俄罗斯帝国大规模推行,但直到19世纪80年代才在俄罗斯帝国的公共话语中正式成型;最后,俄罗斯帝国在巩固并发展其新占领土地的过程中,采取了与英法等国相类似的举措,如大规模进行基础设施建设(教堂、学校、铁路和行政系统)、重新命名新占有的土地等。
参考文献:
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