新冠疫情专刊 | 拉丁美洲：翻开社会契约的新篇章
Sharing the latest articles of the UNESCO Courier with you.
与您第一时间分享联合国教科文《信使》杂志的最新文章。
COVID-19疫情加剧了气候紧急状况，财富分配不均，社区、国家和地区之间的分歧，同时造成了所谓自二战以来最严重的全球危机。在全球进入COVID-19疫情紧急状态后，许多女性的呼吁都未被我们所听到。因此，教科文组织《信使》杂志在本年度第三期杂志（7-9月刊）以“一个全新的世界，源自女性的构想”为主题邀请全球的女性发出自己的声音，以帮助我们了解这场全球性的危机正在如何影响着我们的社会，又将带来什么后果：我们可以从中吸取什么教训？危机之后的世界又会是什么样子？
Adding to the climate emergency, unequal distribution of wealth, and ever-deepening divides between communities, nations and regions, COVID-19 has created what some are calling the gravest global crisis since World War II. The next issue of the UNESCO Courier, under the theme of “A Whole New World, Reimagined by Women” will give voice only to women, many of whom have gone unheard since the start of the COVID emergency, to help understand how this crisis is affecting our societies and explore the possible consequences: What are the first lessons we can draw? How will the world look like after?
拉丁美洲：翻开社会契约的新篇章
Latin America: Towards a new social pact
这场卫生危机给拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的居民造成了严重的社会后果——收入下降，学生辍学，非正式工作增多，失业率飙升。作者呼吁建立更加公平、更利于扶助民众的社会制度，避免不平等现象进一步加剧。
Declining incomes, school drop-outs, the growth of informal work, and steep rises in unemployment – the social consequences of the health crisis for the inhabitants of Latin America and the Caribbean region have been massive. The author calls for the establishment of a fairer and more supportive social system to avoid a deepening of inequalities.
卡琳娜·巴蒂亚尼（Karina Batthyány）
拉丁美洲社会科学理事会执行秘书、
乌拉圭蒙得维的亚共和国大学社会学教授
Executive Secretary of the Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) and Professor of Sociology,
Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
这场冠状病毒大流行给拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的民众生活造成了前所未有的影响，对低收入家庭的冲击格外严重。与全球大多数国家一样，为应对COVID-19，该地区各国先后宣布进入卫生紧急状态，彻底打乱了人们的日常生活。
The coronavirus pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on the lives of people in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The repercussions are particularly severe for low-income households. The health emergency declared in response to COVID-19 has completely disrupted everyday life, like in most countries around the world.
这场严重的危机再次在该地区引发了一场关于国家作用的大辩论，讨论政治，特别是公共政策的作用。有些人预言，人类将走向灭亡，而另一些人则认为，一切都不会改变。无论如何，可以肯定的是，我们正处在一个过渡阶段——我们这个社会在某些方面将在中短期内重组重构。
The magnitude of the crisis in the region has reopened debates on the role of the state, politics in general, and public policies in particular. While some predict the end of humanity, others argue that nothing will change. What is certain, though, is that we are in a phase of transition – our societies, in some aspects, will undergo reconfigurations in the short and medium term.
据联合国拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会（拉加经委会）预测，这一地区2020年的国内生产总值将下降5.3%，这将是该地区百年来最严重的一次经济衰退。预计失业人数将增加1200万，让该地区本就严峻的就业形势——53%的就业人口集中在非正规经济部门——雪上加霜。考虑到该地区鲜有国家设立失业救济金制度，这个问题尤其严重。2019年，只有阿根廷、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和乌拉圭等国为正规经济部门的工人提供失业保险。
Forecasts by the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) predict a 5.3 per cent fall in regional gross domestic product (GDP) by 2020 – the worst recession in the region in the last 100 years. Unemployment is also projected to rise by 12 million, in an area where fifty-three per cent of jobs are in the informal economy. This is particularly serious, given that few countries in the region offer unemployment benefits. In 2019, only Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Uruguay had unemployment insurance for workers in the formal sector.
最穷的人受冲击最大
The poorest are hardest hit
考虑到该地区的经济和社会不平等现象，失业造成的后果将主要影响中等收入阶层中的贫困和弱势群体，对妇女的影响也将格外严重。
Given the economic and social inequalities in the region, the consequences of unemployment will disproportionately affect the poor and vulnerable layers of the middle-income population. Women will also be impacted more severely.
较贫困的家庭迫于生计，可能会让家中小孩出去工作，因此，这场危机可能会导致非正式工作增多，童工现象也将由此抬头。预计贫困率将提高3.5个百分点，极端贫困率将提高2.3个百分点（拉加经委会，2020年）。
The crisis is also likely to result in an increase in informal jobs, as poorer families are forced to send their children to work, in order to survive. This will lead to an increase in child labour. Poverty is projected to increase by 3.5 percentage points, while extreme poverty is set to grow by 2.3 percentage points (ECLAC, 2020).
有许多国家卫生系统崩溃，这突出说明必须加强全民卫生系统——既要保证质量，又要确保危机时刻所必需的应急资源及时到位，同时还应采取全方位的卫生策略，照顾到人们的社会经济状况及生活质量。
The collapse of health systems in many countries also emphasizes the need to move towards the consolidation of a universal health system – that guarantees quality and has the necessary resources to cope in times of crises. It should also take a comprehensive approach to health, accounting for the socio-economic situation of people and their quality of life.
现行经济模式已然造成不平等和财富的高度集中。目前，该地区没有一个国家推行全民社会福利制度，领取社会福利依然是一项特权。这在疫情暴发之前就已经是一个严重的问题，现在更是攸关民众生计存亡的大事。因此，在中期工作中务必要反思经济、社会和劳工政策，促进体面就业，普遍实现民众的社会权利。
The current economic model has generated inequalities and a high concentration of wealth. And in the absence of a universal welfare state, access to social benefits remains a privilege in the region. This was already a major problem before the pandemic, but it is now a question of survival. It is therefore essential, in the medium term, to rethink economic, social and labour policies, and to promote decent work and the universal fulfilment of social rights.
基本收入
A basic income
当前的情况掀起了一场关于该地区有无必要设定最低基本收入标准的大讨论。这应该基于一个大前提，即获得必需品是民主公民权切实存在的必要条件，是所有人尊严的保障。拉丁美洲和加勒比地区是世界上不平等现象最严重的地区，而这场卫生危机又可能会进一步加剧这些不平等。
The current context opens the way for a debate on the need for a minimum basic income in the region. This should be based on the premise that access to essential goods is a necessary condition for the existence of a democratic citizenship, which guarantees the dignity of all. The LAC is the most unequal region in the world, and this health crisis is likely to accentuate these inequalities even further.
最后，还有必要分析一下卫生紧急状况对于性别不平等的影响。这方面的一个核心问题在于对老人和儿童的照护——这可以看作是某种形式的劳动性别分工。
Finally, it is important to analyse the impact of the health emergency on gender inequalities. A central dimension of this is in the area of care – of children and the elderly – which can be seen as an expression of the division of labour between the sexes.
封禁措施在应对COVID-19方面确有其效，但这些措施也打乱了就业动态、家庭生活以及对老人和儿童的照护方式。非正规经济部门的从业者、妇女和儿童受此影响尤其严重。妇女主要负责家务和照护工作——这些工作有助于维系家庭，而且一直以来都是世界得以正常运转的动力。但也正因如此，管控措施给女性生活造成的影响格外严重。
While lockdowns have proven to be effective to combat COVID-19, they have disrupted the dynamics of employment, domestic life and the way we care for children and the elderly. Workers in the informal sector, women and children have been especially affected. The containment has had a disproportionate effect on women’s lives, as they are mostly responsible for domestic and care work – tasks that contribute to the sustenance of households and have historically enabled the world to function.
女性更脆弱
Women more vulnerable
国际劳工组织（ILO）的数据显示，拉丁美洲和加勒比地区有1.26亿妇女在非正规经济部门工作，约占当地女性人口的一半。非正式工作意味着缺乏就业保障、收入低下、享受不到基本保护机制，在当前危机这样的紧急情况下更是如此。
According to figures from the International Labour Organization (ILO), 126 million women work in the informal sector in the LAC. That accounts for about half of the region’s female population. Informal work is synonymous with job insecurity, low incomes, and a lack of basic protection mechanisms, particularly in a crisis like the current one.
在该地区，许多国家的非正规就业比例极高。在玻利维亚、危地马拉和秘鲁，有83%的妇女从事非正式工作，她们既得不到社会保障，也不受劳动法的保护。该地区将近40%的职业妇女受雇于零售、餐饮、酒店和家政劳务部门。在当前危机的大背景下，这些工作受到的冲击最大，而得到的保障最少。
The levels of informal employment are extremely high in many countries in the region. In Bolivia, Guatemala and Peru, eighty-three per cent of women have informal jobs with no social security cover or protection under labour laws. Nearly forty per cent of working women in the LAC are employed in the retail, catering, hotel and domestic sectors. These are the most affected and the least protected jobs in the context of the current crisis.
在这段困难时期，有很大一部分拉丁美洲妇女将因此失去收入，这不仅将使她们的处境更加岌岌可危，还将进一步拉大男女之间的经济差距。目前，拉丁美洲生活极端贫困的男女比例为100:132
As a result, a large proportion of Latin American women are going to lose their incomes in these difficult times, making their situation even more precarious. This could further widen the economic gap between women and men. For every 100 men living in extreme poverty in Latin America today, there are 132 women.
新型“社会契约”
A new “social pact”
该地区的封禁措施现已导致性别暴力加剧。要知道，即便是在“正常”时期，缺乏经济保障和社会动荡同样会助长家庭暴力。提醒人们保持社交距离和呼吁大家留在家中避疫的前提是，家庭是躲避疫情的避风港。但对许多妇女和儿童来说，情况并非如此。
The lockdowns in the region have also resulted in an escalation of gender-based violence. We know that even in “normal” times, financial insecurity and social instability contribute to domestic violence. Social distancing and stay-at-home messaging was promoted under the premise that the home is a safe place for people to shield from the pandemic. But this was not the case for many women and children.
面对这些挑战，有必要最终建立新的“社会契约”，而这必须立足于一点，即承认彼此团结和相互依存是拉丁美洲和加勒比地区建立更加公平的社会制度的重要价值观。这场危机凸显出了公共资源和共有资源商品化给人们生活造成的影响。这场疫情清楚地表明，国家并未消亡，而且在落实相关政策以切实改变人们的日常生活方面大有可为。
Faced with these challenges, there is a need to ultimately build a new “social pact” – based on the recognition of solidarity and interdependence as fundamental values for the establishment of a fairer social system in the LAC. This crisis has highlighted the consequences of the commodification of public and common resources on our lives. The pandemic has clearly demonstrated that states are not dead yet, and that they have a central role to play in the implementation of policies that are capable of effectively transforming everyday lives.
建立全民保障制度的工作一再推迟，现在需要制定公共政策来解决这个难题。这些公共政策应以民为本，而非紧盯市场，应将生命和卫生保健放在核心位置。要完成这项艰巨的工作，国家，特别是社会国家有待发挥重要作用，同时还需要在地区和国际层面加强协同合作。
These public policies must address the continually-deferred challenge of building universal systems of protection. They should be focused on people rather than the market, and put life and health care at the centre. To meet this challenge, the state – and especially the social state – has a major role to play, as does the need for greater regional and international collaboration and co-operation.
新冠疫情专刊 | 一个全新的世界，源自女性的构想
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