2020 #4 极端气候致死企鹅 Climate-Emergency-Penguin-Dying

#1 澳大利亚丛林大火

人为气候变化使情况更加恶化

Australian Bush Fires
Worsened by Man-Made Climate Change

#2 冠状病毒感染造成全球紧急

人类食用野生动物

Coronavirus Infection Global Emergency

Wildlife Meat Consumption

#3 国际蝗灾紧急情况

这场灾难是天灾抑或还是人祸？

Locust Disaster National Emergencies

Linked to Global Heating

现在

and now

 #4 帽带企鹅群落，剩下40%左右:

50年前：122,550对

2020年：52,786对

这场灾难是自然的还是人为的?

Chinstrap Penguins colonies, around 40% left:
50 years ago: 122,550 pairs

2020 count: 52,786 pairs

Is this disaster natural or yet again, man-made?

图片来源 Picture source: noaa.gov

1月5日到2月8日，环保组织绿色和平(Greenpeace)前往南极洲西部，对不同种类的企鹅的栖息地进行了调查。探险队的科学家发现，自1971年最后一次调查以来，南极半岛大象岛上的帽带企鹅数量下降了近60％。一些群落的数量下降了甚至多达77％。总的来说，50年前有122550对不同的企鹅群落，现在减少了60%，仅有52786对。

From Jan. 5 to Feb. 8, the environmental group Greenpeace went to Western Antarctica to conduct a survey on the thriving colonies of different penguin species. Scientists on board of the Greenpeace expedition found that the number of chinstrap penguins on the Elephant island in the Antarctic peninsula has dropped almost 60% since the last survey in 1971. Some colonies were down by as much as 77%. Overall, there were 122,550 pairs of different penguin colonies 50 years ago, it had reduced by 60% to 52,786 today.

图片来源 Picture source: 国家地理

帽带企鹅是什么？

What are Chinstrap Penguins

帽带企鹅是企鹅的一种，生活在南太平洋和南极海洋的各种岛屿和海岸上。它的名字来源于它头部下方狭窄的黑色带子，这使得它看起来就像戴了一顶黑色的头盔，很容易辨认。

The chinstrap penguin is a species of penguin that inhabits a variety of islands and shores in the Southern Pacific and the Antarctic Oceans. Its name stems from the narrow black band under its head, which makes it appear as if it were wearing a black helmet, making it easy to identify.

点击观看可爱的帽带企鹅：

Click to see the cute chinstrap penguins:

气候变化正在杀死帽带企鹅

Climate Change is Killing the Chinstrap Penguins

#1 食物短缺 

Food shortage

企鹅数量的下降归因于磷虾的短缺，而磷虾是他们的主要食物来源。2016年的一项研究报告显示，南极磷虾由于海冰减少和海洋温度升高而减少。

The receding penguin numbers have been attributed to the shortage of krill, the main staple of the penguin diet. A 2016 study reported that Antarctic krill has decreased due to reduced sea ice and higher ocean temperatures.

“企鹅、海豹和鲸鱼都依赖磷虾，而磷虾依赖于冰。所以，如果气候变化影响了冰，那就会影响到其他一切。” Stony Brook大学的鸟类学家和企鹅研究员诺亚·斯特莱克(Noah Strycker)告诉CNN。与此同时，商业捕捞磷虾进一步减少了磷虾的数量。

 “Penguins, seals, and whales all depend on krill, which depends on ice. So, if climate change affects the ice, that impacts on everything else. ”  Noah Strycker, an ornithologist and penguin researcher at Stony Brook University, told CNN. In the meantime, commercial fishing for krill,  have further reduced krill populations.

什么是南极磷虾?

What is Antarctic krill?

南极磷虾是在南大洋南极水域发现的一种磷虾。它是一种小型的、会游泳的甲壳类动物，生活在大型的群体中，有时密度达到每立方米1万到3万只。

Antarctic krill is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean. It is a small, swimming crustacean that lives in large schools, called swarms, sometimes reaching densities of 10,000–30,000 individual animals per cubic meter. 

半透明磷虾长约两英寸，是南极食物网的核心。鱼，乌贼，企鹅，海豹和鲸鱼都食用磷虾。Translucent krill, about two inches long, is the centerpiece of the Antarctic food web. Fish, squid, penguins, seals, and whales all consume krill.

图片来源 Picture source: 国家地理 National Geographic

#2 企鹅宝宝杀手---雨水

Baby Penguin Killed - Rain

随着南极洲变暖，降雨变得越来越普遍，而降雨是企鹅的杀手。一旦幼鸟被弄湿，它们往往会因为体温过低而死亡。

As Antarctica warms, rain becomes more common—and rain is a penguin chick killer. Once the young birds get wet, they often develop hypothermia and die.

图片来源 Picture source: 微博

南极洲是一片沙漠，那里不经常下雨或下雪。当下雪的时候，雪不会融化，经过多年的积累会形成又大又厚的冰层，我们称之为冰原。像最近这样的降雨是不寻常的。

Antarctica is a desert. It does not rain or snow a lot there. When it snows, the snow does not melt and builds up over many years to make large, thick sheets of ice, called ice sheets. Rainfall like what is seen recently is unusual.

人类的肉食& 冰帽的融化

Our Meaty Diet & Melting Ice Cap

14.5%的人为温室气体排放来自于牲畜供应链

图片来源 Picture source: FAO

根据世界气象组织(WMO)的数据，与工业化普及前相比，现在全球气温上升了近一度。2018年前10个月的全球平均气温比1850-1900年的水平高出0.98摄氏度。有记录以来最热的20年都是在过去的22年里，其中2015-2018年是前四名。如果这一趋势继续下去，到2100年气温可能上升3-5摄氏度。

The world is now nearly one degree warmer than it was before widespread industrialization, according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The global average temperature for the first 10 months of 2018 was 0.98C above the levels of 1850-1900. The 20 warmest years on record have been in the past 22 years, with 2015-2018 making up the top four. If this trend continues, temperatures may rise by 3-5C by 2100.

说起气候变化很多人会自然联想到的原因有汽车尾气、工厂排放等，但是，还有一个最为重要的原因你可能不知道：

Many people will naturally associate climate change with automobile exhaust, factory emissions, etc., but there is another most important reason that you may not know:

肉类产品制造大量温室气体

Meat products produce lots of greenhouse gases

在全球人类活动产生的温室气体中，食品生产行业的温室气体排放量占了四分之一到三分之一，这其中大部分都来自畜牧业。

Among the greenhouse gases produced by global human activities, the food production industry accounts for one-quarter to one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions. Most of which come from animal husbandry.

食物的碳排放

每公斤食物可行驶相当于**公里

牛肉：176km，奶酪：88km，猪肉：79km，鸡肉：45km，金枪鱼：40km，鸡蛋：31km，花生酱：16km，豆腐：13km，扁豆：6km

图片来源 Picture source: Environmental Working Group

牲畜产生的一氧化二氮占全球的65％，在造成温室效应方面，其效力是二氧化碳的296倍。

Livestock produces 65 percent of the world's nitric oxide, which is 296 times more potent than carbon dioxide in causing the greenhouse effect.

以美国为例，一个四口之家由于吃肉排放的温室气体比开两辆车排放的气体还要多。但在讨论全球变暖问题时，人们往往只会谈到汽车，而忽视了这点。

In the United States, for example, a family of four emits more greenhouse gases from eating meat than from driving two cars. But when people talk about global warming, we tend to think about cars and forget about meat consumption.

联合国粮农组织发布的研究报告显示，畜牧业排放的温室气体比世界上所有交通工具——包括汽车、卡车、飞机和火车——排放的总和还要多。

Research published by the UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization revealed that animal agriculture is responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than the exhaust from all of the world’s transportation — including cars, trucks, planes, and trains — combined. 

图片来源 Picture source:  绿色和平 GREENPEACE

除了二氧化碳以外，奶牛每天还会产生1500亿加仑的甲烷，甲烷促使全球变暖的潜力是二氧化碳的86倍。同时，牲畜所排出的一氧化氮是全球总量的65%，一氧化氮在引起温室效应方面的威力是二氧化碳的296倍。

In addition to carbon dioxide, cows produce 150 billion gallons of methane a day, which has 86 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, livestock produces 65 percent of the world's nitric oxide, which is 296 times more potent than carbon dioxide in causing the greenhouse effect.

牛胃里的微生物把牛的饲料分解成可用的能源、能量和蛋白质，并产生甲烷。美国四分之一的甲烷排放直接来源于畜牧业，大部分是通过打嗝。

每克蛋白质的甲烷排放量：水牛：404g；肉牛：295；牛奶：87g；猪肉：55g；鸡肉：35g

图片来源 Picture source: EPA; FAO

减少肉类消耗=减缓气候变化=拯救企鹅

Reducing Meat Consumption = Mitigating Climate Change = Saving Penguins

只要我们将饮食中的肉类减少，以植物替代，就能大大减缓温室气体的形成，拯救地球上无数的动物，以及我们的子孙后代。

As long as we reduce the amount of meat in our diet and replace it with plants, we can greatly slow the formation of greenhouse gases. By doing so we can save countless animals on the planet and our future generations.

牛津大学研究员Marco Springmann与同事一起建立了计算机模型，以此来预估2050年，如果人人都成为素食主义者，会造成什么样的影响。结果显示，不吃红肉带来的变化巨大：与食物相关的温室气体排放将减少约60%。如果更严格一些，每个人都是纯植物性饮食者的话，减排比例将达到70%。

University of Oxford researcher Marco Springmann worked with colleagues to build a computer model to estimate what the impact would be if everyone became a vegetarian in 2050. The results show that the change from not eating red meat is huge: food-related greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced by about 60%. If it is more stringent, suppose everyone is a pure plant-based dieter, the reduction rate will reach 70%.

如果大家都变成vegan，那么理想情况下，有80%的畜牧用地可以变回草地或林地，后两者可以吸收二氧化碳，缓解气候变化危机。

If everyone becomes vegan, then ideally, 80% of livestock land can be converted back to grassland or woodland, and the latter two can absorb carbon dioxide and alleviate the climate change crisis.

如果每个人都遵循纯植物性饮食的话，到2050年，世界范围内和食物相关的温室气体排放将减少70%。

If everyone adopted a vegan diet, worldwide food-related greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced by up to 70% by 2050.

消息来源：牛津大学，“到2050年，植物性饮食可以拯救800万人的生命，并减少全球变暖”

Source: News, 'veggie-based diets could save 8 million lives by 2050 and cut global warming', University of Oxford

有科学家称，2020年是人类能够通过行动拯救地球的最后一次机会，我们希望这个只是危言耸听，但2020年初发生的种种事情提示我们情况已经很糟糕了。希望大家在即将到来的春天里，能够摘下口罩，在呼吸着春花气息的同时，通过我们的一举一动，让野火不再蔓延，蝗虫不再泛滥，疾病不再侵扰。

Some scientists say 2020 is the last chance for humanity to save the planet through action. We hope this is just an alarmist, but everything that happened in early 2020 reminds us that the situation is already bad. We hope that everyone can remove their masks in the coming spring. While breathing the spring flowers, let's take action and make the wildfires no longer spread, locusts no longer flood, and diseases no longer invade.

参考 References: 

bbc.com, greenpeace.org, nationalgeographic.com, totallyveganbuzz.com, time.com, fao.org, Vegans of Shanghai MEATFEST.