这些病毒从何而来? Viruses, where do they come from?

这些问题让我们的团队几个星期都无法入睡，终于，我们在这本书中找到了几乎所有问题的答案。

These questions kept our team awake for weeks now and we finally found answers to almost all our questions in this book.  

扫码查看豆瓣书评 
Scan code for the book review on Douban

如果你正在关注我们的账号或正在阅读这篇文章，你可能在某种程度上意识到了人类的破坏性、剥削性行为，以及对野生动物、环境、农场动物和地球的冷漠。

If you are following our account or reading this article, you probably on some level, are aware of human beings' disruptive, exploitive behavior and the apathy towards wildlife, the environment, farm animals and the planet. 

人类造成的生态压力和破坏正使动物病原体越来越多地接触到人类，而人类的技术和行为正使这些病原体越来越广泛和迅速地传播。

Human-caused ecological pressures and disruptions are bringing animal pathogens ever more into contact with human populations, while human technology and behavior are spreading those pathogens ever more widely and quickly.

“Spillover”是疾病生态学家使用的术语(经济学家对其有不同的用法)，用来表示病原体从一个作为宿主的物种成员进入另一个物种成员的时刻。Quammen在《纽约时报》的一篇文章中表示，进入人体的病毒名单听起来就像“可怕的鼓声”。

“Spillover” is the term used by disease ecologists (it has a different use for economists) to denote the moment when a pathogen passes from members of one species, as host, into members of another. Quammen, in a New York Times article said, the list of such viruses emerging into humans sounds like a "grim drumbeat". 

让我们来看看Quammen的致命接触名单，用红色突出显示的是书中的引言。

Let's have a look at Quammen's Spillover-playlist. Highlighted in red, are quotes from the book.

这种疾病最早于1962年在玻利维亚的圣约阿希姆村发现，因此得名“玻利维亚”出血热。Machupo是流经玻利维亚东北部低地的一条小河的名字。

The disease was first encountered in 1962, in the Bolivian village of San Joachim, hence the name "Bolivian" Hemorrhagic Fever. Machupo is the name of a small river draining the northeastern Bolivian lowlands.

传播| Transmission

病媒是Calomys callosus（大型暮鼠属），一种玻利维亚北部土生土长的啮齿动物。被感染的动物无症状，并在排泄物中释放出病毒，从而感染人类。

The vector is the Calomys callosus (large vesper mouse), a rodent indigenous to northern Bolivia. Infected animals are asymptomatic and shed the virus in excreta, thereby infecting humans.

感染后症状包括发烧、发冷、恶心、呕吐、身体疼痛、流鼻血和牙龈出血，到1961年底已有245人感染，病死率为40%。

Symptoms included fever and chills, nausea and vomiting, body aches, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums and by late 1961 had struck 245 people, with a case fatality rate of 40 percent.

首次记录的该病病例始于1967年，其中德国马尔堡23例，法兰克福6例，塞尔维亚贝尔格莱德2例。其中26例是实验室工作人员，他们在开发脊髓灰质炎疫苗时从乌干达的非洲绿猴身上感染了病毒。26人中有9人死亡。多年来，安哥拉、刚果民主共和国、肯尼亚、南非和乌干达均出现了一些病例。

The first recorded cases of the disease were from 1967, with 23 cases in Marburg, Germany, 6 cases in Frankfurt, and 2 in Belgrade, Serbia. Twenty-six of the cases were lab workers who had contracted the viral infection from African green monkeys from Uganda in efforts to develop a polio vaccine. Nine of the 26 people died. Over the years a few cases appeared in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda.

传播| Transmission

病毒可以通过接触一种果蝠传播，也可以通过无保护的性交和破损的皮肤在人与人之间传播。

The virus can be transmitted by exposure to one species of fruit bats or it can be transmitted between people via body fluids through unprotected copulation and broken skin.

该病的传播主要发生在人与人之间，由于密切接触到感染者的血液、分泌物、器官和其它体液造成。在葬礼上，哀悼者与死者尸体直接接触也马尔堡的传播有重要作用。

The transmission of the disease occurs mainly from person to person as a result of close contact with the blood, secretions, organs and other body fluids of infected persons. At funerals, mourners have direct contact with the bodies of the dead, which can play an important role in the spread of Marburg.

1976年，在两次同时爆发的疫情中首次发现了这种疾病：一次在Nzara(南苏丹的一个城镇)，另一次在Yambuku(刚果民主共和国)，一个靠近埃博拉河的村庄。

The disease was first identified in 1976, in two simultaneous outbreaks: one in Nzara (a town in South Sudan) and the other in Yambuku (Democratic Republic of the Congo), a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name.

传播| Transmission

科学家不知道埃博拉病毒来自哪里。然而，基于类似病毒的性质，他们认为该病毒是动物传播的，蝙蝠或非人灵长类动物(黑猩猩、猿、猴子等)是最有可能的来源。

Scientists do not know where Ebola virus comes from. However, based on the nature of similar viruses, they believe the virus is animal-borne, with bats or nonhuman primates (chimpanzees, apes, monkeys, etc.) being the most likely source. 

埃博拉病毒是一种能引起人类和其他灵长类动物产生埃博拉出血热的烈性传染病病毒，其引起的埃博拉出血热（EBHF）是当今世界上最致命的病毒性出血热。

Ebola virus is a powerful infectious disease virus that causes Ebola hemorrhagic fever ( ebhf ) in humans and other primates) is the most deadly viral hemorrhagic fever in the world today.

艾滋病最早于1981年在美国临床被观察到。最初的病例是一群注射吸毒者，他们没有已知的免疫功能受损的问题，但却表现出肺孢子虫肺炎的症状。

AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States. The initial cases were a cluster of injection drug users with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia.

传播| Transmission

HIV-1和HIV-2都起源于非洲中西部的非人类灵长类动物，并在20世纪初转移到人类身上。艾滋病毒仅通过感染者的某些体液传播。这些液体包括血液、精液、精液前液、直肠液、阴道液和母乳。

Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are believed to have originated in non-human primates in West-central Africa and are believed to have transferred to in the early 20th century. HIV is spread only in certain body fluids from a person who has HIV. These fluids are blood, semen, pre-seminal fluids, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk.

科学家发现，非洲中部的一种黑猩猩是人类感染艾滋病毒的源头。他们认为，黑猩猩版的免疫缺陷病毒(SIV)很可能是在人类猎取黑猩猩的肉并接触它们被感染的血液时传染给人类并变异成HIV病毒的。

Scientists identified a type of chimpanzee in Central Africa as the source of HIV infection in humans. They believe that the chimpanzee version of the immunodeficiency virus (called simian immunodeficiency virus, or SIV) most likely was transmitted to humans and mutated into HIV when humans hunted these chimpanzees for meat and came into contact with their infected blood. 

该病毒于1993年在纳瓦霍保留地的穆尔泰峡谷附近被发现，最初被命名为穆尔托峡谷汉坦病毒，后来病毒学家把它改成了Sin Nombre，在西班牙语中的意思是“没有名字”。

Discovered in 1993 near the Canyon del Muerte on the Navajo Reservation, it was originally named the Muerto Canyon hantavirus, but the virologists changed it to Sin Nombre, meaning "without a name" in Spanish.

传播| Transmission

汉坦病毒是一类主要由啮齿类动物传播的病毒，可在全世界范围内引起多种疾病。

Hantaviruses are a family of viruses spread mainly by rodents and can cause varied disease syndromes in people worldwide. 

亨德拉病毒(最初称为“马麻疹病毒”)于1994年9月被发现，当时它导致13匹马死亡，以及澳大利亚昆士兰州布里斯班郊区亨德拉市威廉姆斯大道10号一个综合训练场的一名驯马师死亡。

Hendra virus (originally called "Equine morbillivirus") was discovered in September 1994 when it caused the deaths of thirteen horses, and a trainer at a training complex at 10 Williams Avenue, Hendra, a suburb of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia.

传播| Transmission

飞狐被认为是亨德拉病毒的宿主，马在接触了受感染的飞狐的体液后感染亨德拉病毒。

Flying foxes have been identified as the reservoir host of the Hendra Virus. Horses become infected with Hendra after exposure to bodily fluid from an infected flying fox. 

高致病性H5N1病毒最初是从广东省的一只养殖鹅身上分离出来的。1997年香港爆发是由于禽流感病毒在禽类之间重新分类所致，尽管迅速而全面的扑杀有效地消灭了该毒株，但亲本毒株仍在继续重配，并在鹅和鸭中引起随后的暴发。2016年是香港首次爆发人类感染H5N1禽流感10周年。

Highly pathogenic H5N1 virus was first isolated from a farmed goose in Guangdong Province. The 1997 Hong Kong outbreak was caused by an avian-to-avian re-assortment of the virus and, whilst swift and comprehensive culling effectively wiped out that strain, the parent strain continued to reassort and cause subsequent outbreaks in geese and ducks. The 2016 year marked a decade since the first human outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in Hong Kong.

传播| Transmission

亚洲H5N1型病毒于1997年在香港的一次家禽疫情中首次在人体中发现，此后在非洲、亚洲、欧洲和中东的50多个国家的家禽和野禽中发现。

Asian H5N1 was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong and has since been detected in poultry and wild birds in more than 50 countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Middle East.

尼帕病毒于1998年首次出现在马来西亚半岛的猪和养猪户中。截至1999年年中，有超过265宗人类脑炎个案。马来西亚、新加坡和印度也报告了尼帕病毒的暴发。尼帕病毒感染造成的最高死亡率发生在孟加拉国。

Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998 in peninsular Malaysia in pigs and pig farmers. By mid-1999, more than 265 human cases of encephalitis. Nipah virus outbreaks have also been reported in Malaysia, Singapore, and India. The highest mortality due to Nipah virus infection has occurred in Bangladesh.

传播| Transmission

该病毒通常在特定类型的果蝠中传播。它既可以在人之间传播，也可以从其他动物传播给人，传播通常需要直接接触。

The virus normally circulates among specific types of fruit bats. It can both spread between people and from other animals to people. Spread typically requires direct contact.

西尼罗河病毒(WNV)自1999年在纽约市被发现以来，已迅速在北美扎根。西尼罗河病毒于1937年首次从乌干达北部西尼罗地区的一名发热患者中分离出来。

West Nile virus (WNV) has quickly established itself in North America since its recognition in New York City in 1999. WNV was first isolated from a febrile patient from the West Nile district of Northern Uganda in 1937.

传播| Transmission

西尼罗河病毒最常见的传播途径是被感染的蚊子叮咬。蚊子以受感染的鸟类为食就会被感染。受感染的蚊子通过叮咬将西尼罗河病毒传播给人类和其他动物。

West Nile virus is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito. Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds. Infected mosquitoes then spread the West Nile virus to people and other animals by biting them.

关于进化最重要的一点是，它没有目的，只有结果。不要以为这些病毒有一个深思熟虑的策略，一切都是机遇。他们不会来追我们，而是我们以这样或那样的方式走向他们。

Among the most important things to remember about evolution is that it doesn’t have 

purposes. It only has results. Don’t imagine that these viruses have a deliberate strategy. It’s all about opportunity. They don’t come after us. In one way or another, we go to them.

严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)是一种呼吸道疾病，在2003年影响了世界各地的许多人。SARS-CoV于2003年2月在亚洲首次报告。SARS-CoV全球暴发于2003年7月得到控制。自2004年以来，世界上还没有任何已知的SARS-CoV病例报告。

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory illness that affected many people worldwide in 2003. SARS-CoV was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The SARS-CoV global outbreak was contained in July 2003. Since 2004, there have not been any known cases of SARS-CoV reported anywhere in the world.

传播| Transmission

SARS冠状病毒起源于动物，2002年底在中国广东省某地从动物传染到人类。

SARS-CoV originated in animals and made the leap from animal to a human infection somewhere in the Guangdong province of China in late 2002. 

研究表明，SARS冠状病毒感染动物很长一段时间后才变异感染人类。SARS冠状病毒起源于大约6种动物，包括猪。

Research suggests that SARS-CoV infected animals for a long time before it mutated to infect humans. SARS-CoV originates in about a half dozen animal species, including pigs.

SARS-CoV被认为是一种动物病毒，来自一个尚未确定的动物宿主，可能是蝙蝠，然后传播给其他动物(果子狸)

SARS-CoV is thought to be an animal virus from an as-yet-uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats, that spread to other animals (civet cats).

历史 | History

MERS- cov是中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒的缩写，这种冠状病毒是导致中东呼吸综合征的病毒。2012年，沙特阿拉伯首次报告了这种病毒。它不同于研究人员以前在人身上发现的任何其他冠状病毒。

MERS-CoV is the acronym for Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, the virus that causes MERS. The virus was first reported in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. It is different from any other coronavirus that researchers have found in people before.

传播| Transmission

MERS-CoV可能来自阿拉伯半岛的一种动物。研究人员在几个国家的骆驼身上发现了MERS-CoV。研究表明，与骆驼直接接触是人类感染MERS-CoV的一个危险因素。

MERS-CoV likely came from an animal source in the Arabian Peninsula. Researchers have found MERS-CoV in camels from several countries. Studies have shown that direct contact with camels is a risk factor for human infection with MERS-CoV.

David Quammen是一名作家兼记者，曾获得美国艺术与文学学院颁发的奥斯卡奖，曾三次获得国家杂志奖，并担任《国家地理》的特约撰稿人，

David Quammen is an author and journalist,  and won Academy Award from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, and is a three-time recipient of the National Magazine Award. He is a Contributing Writer for National Geographic.

现在是我们改变我们的剥削行为的时候了，不仅是个别的改变，而是集体的转化。

It is time for us to change our exploitive behavior, not just individually, but collectively.