活动预告｜胡明辉：从北京到伊犁有多远？
“人文与社会”系列讲座总第98期
从北京到伊犁有多远？
清代中期的大地测量
How Far Was It from Beijing to Ili:
A History of Qing Geodetic Survey
时间
2023年6月2日
北京时间15:00
地点
清华大学人文社科图书馆东南四层
文科高研所会议室
讲座介绍
18世纪，清朝在扩张领土的同时，进行了持续不断的大地测量。李约瑟（Joseph Needham）认为，耶稣会士将“后文艺复兴时期的地图学”引进了中国，改变了帝国的制图惯例，而余定国（ Cordell Yee）认为李约瑟夸大了耶稣会的影响。李约瑟和余定国都应考虑到了早期现代的大地测量学。作为军事行动中的技术专家，耶稣会士在从地方官员一直延伸到皇帝的军事指挥系统下，为大地测量做出了贡献，这也展示了清王朝如何将耶稣会的大地测量作为一种后勤和情报工具。然而，儒家的文官体制与军事行动是分开的，这种分离更加清晰、绝对、永久。在这个意义上，李约瑟强调清王朝对耶稣会大地测量学和地图学的宽容是正确的，余定国认为这些测量对儒家文官机构和地方精英的制图形式几乎没有影响，也是正确的。那么，从北京到伊犁有多远呢？这取决于问的是谁。如果问一位帝国天文学家，答案会是地球表面北京和伊犁之间的弧长。
The Qing monarchy carried out a continuous and cumulative geodetic survey alongside its territorial expansion during the eighteenth century. Joseph Needham (1900-95) argues the Jesuits imported "post-Renaissance cartography" to Qing China. They changed the imperial cartographical practices. On the other hand, Cordell Yee argues that Needham overstated the Jesuit influence. Needham and Yee both should have taken the early modern geodesy into account. The Jesuits contributed to geodetic surveys as technical experts in military campaigns. The chain of command was routed from territorial officials (primarily provincial governors) to the emperor at the top. The Confucian civil bureaucracy was kept separate from military operations. However, the separation needed to be clearer-cut, absolute, or permanent. Focusing on the geodetic surveys shows how the Qing monarchy adopted the Jesuit geodesy as a logistics and intelligence tool. In this sense, Joseph Needham correctly highlighted the Qing's accommodation of Jesuit geodesy and cartography. Cordell Yee was correct when he said these surveys had little influence on cartographical representations in the Confucian bureaucracy and among local elites. So, how far was it from Beijing to Ili? It depended on whom one would ask. If one asked an imperial astronomer, the answer would be the length of the arc between Beijing and Ili on the surface of the planet Earth.
主讲人
胡明辉
1966年生，1989年淡江大学土木工程系学士，1995年，弗吉尼亚理工大学科学技术系硕士，2004年，加州大学洛杉矶分校历史系博士，现为加州大学圣克鲁斯分校历史系（University of California Santa Cruz）副教授，任该校数字人文学科跨学科团队的组长，已出版有《中国现代性的起点：戴震的新古典愿景》（China's Transition to Modernity: The New Classical Vision of Dai Zhen，2015）等专著，并有《等待野蛮人：中国近代早期地缘政治史》（Waiting for the Barbarians: A History of Geopolitics in Early Modern China, 1680-1850）等专著亟待出版。
主持人
冯乃希 清华大学文科高研所助理教授
评议人
宋念申 清华大学文科高研所教授
刘年凯 清华大学科学史系助理教授
讲座语言
中文
主办
清华大学人文与社会科学高等研究所