WIOD数据库的示例性使用说明, 以全球汽车行业为例

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世界投入产出表数据库

This article provides guidance to prudent use of the World Input–Output Database (WIOD) in analyses of international trade. The WIOD contains annual time-series of world input–output tables and factor requirements covering the period from 1995 to 2011. Underlying concepts, construction methods and data sources are introduced, pointing out particular strengths and weaknesses. We illustrate its usefulness by analyzing the geographical and factorial distribution of value added in global automotive production and show increasing fragmentation, both within and across regions. Possible improvements and extensions to the data are discussed.

WIOD数据库介绍

Stimulated by declining coordination and transport costs, production processes increasingly fragment across borders. This fundamentally alters the nature of international trade, away from trade in goods towards trade in tasks and activities, with profound implications for the geographical location of production, the patterns of gains from trade and the functioning of labor markets (Feenstra, 2010). However, current statistical frameworks are not well equipped to provide the necessary data to analyze these phenomena. Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg, for example, state that “the globalization of production processes mandates a new approach to trade data collection, one that records international transactions, much like domestic transactions have been recorded for many years” (Grossman and Rossi-Hansberg, 2008, p. 1996). Official trade statistics however, are still collected with no information on the supplying industry nor on the use by the importers. This drove researchers to compile their own databases, typically merging international trade statistics with a collection of input–output tables from the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) project into a world input–output table (see e.g. Trefler and Zhu, 2010; Johnson and Noguera, 2012a,b; Koopman et al., 2014). These efforts are difficult to replicate, however, as GTAP is a proprietary database. It is not grounded in official statistics and only available for certain benchmark years, which precludes analyses of long-term trends.

Given this, we constructed a new alternative, the World Input–Output Database(WIOD) that provides annual time-series of world input–output tables from 1995 onwards. These tables have been constructed in a clear conceptual framework based on the system of national accounts (Intersecretariat Working Group on National Acccounts (ISWGNA), 1993, 2010). They are based on officially published input–output tables merged with national accounts data and international trade statistics. In addition, the WIOD provides data on factor inputs enlarging the scope of potential applications considerably. Since its public inception on April 2012 (at http://www.wiod.org), the WIOD has proved very useful in analyses of international trade. It has been used to describe trends in global supply chain trade and research into the formation of regional production clusters in the world economy (e.g. Baldwin and Lopez-Gonzales, 2013; Timmer et al., 2013; and Los et al., 2015), as well as analyzing the domestic value-added content of gross exports (e.g.Wang et al., 2013; Koopman et al., 2014; Johnson, 2014).The data also proved suitable for calibrating general equilibrium models to evaluate the effects of trade policies (e.g. Costinot and Rodríguez-Clare, 2013; Ottaviano et al., 2014). The cross-section panel dimensions of the data allowed a revisit of the debate on the effects of offshoring on labor demand (e.g. Foster-McGregor et al., 2013; Schwörer, 2013). WIOD also found its way into numerous policy-oriented studies on the effects of globalization (e.g. Greenaway, 2012; Di Mauro et al., 2013; European Commission, 2013; Saito et al., 2013).

The uptake of the WIOD is still ongoing and many more applications are foreseen. To optimize the benefit of this new database, users need to understand its conceptual and practical underpinnings. The main purpose of this article is therefore to summarize the methodology employed in constructing the database, guiding researchers on appropriate uses. This requires that we also consider the practical limitations of the database and indicate areas for further improvement.We illustrate the strengths and the limitations of the database by analyzing fragmentation and the shifts in regional and factorial distribution of value added in global automotive production. 

The automotive industry has been particularly affected by the increasing opportunities for offshoring and international fragmentation of production (e.g. Sturgeon et al., 2008). So far, quantitative evidence on this is missing and we will provide trends since 1995 based on times-series information in the WIOD, which might stimulate further research on the causes and consequences of international fragmentation of production.

Source: An Illustrated User Guide to the World Input–Output Database: the Case of Global Automotive Production，Reivew of International Economics, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/roie.12178

一些使用WIOD做的相关中文研究如下：

1.潘文卿,娄莹,李宏彬.价值链贸易与经济周期的联动:国际规律及中国经验[J].经济研究,2015,50(11):20-33.

2.杨连星,罗玉辉.中国对外直接投资与全球价值链升级[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2017,34(06):54-70.

3.龚静,尹忠明.服务贸易成本测算:来自全球40个经济体及19个服务部门的经验研究——基于WIOD数据库的Novy(2013)成本测算方法分析[J].国际商务(对外经济贸易大学学报),2017(03):49-60.

4.蒋庚华.服务中间品出口、服务最终品出口与服务业生产要素报酬差距——基于WIOD数据库的实证研究[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2016(05):80-89.

5.张定胜,刘洪愧,杨志远.中国出口在全球价值链中的位置演变——基于增加值核算的分析[J].财贸经济,2015(11):114-130.

6.苏庆义.中国出口引致的污染气体排放及其影响因素——基于WIOD数据库的分析[J].国际贸易问题,2015(09):86-96.

7.姚远,崔晶晶,吕云龙.中印制造业服务投入率测度与比较:基于WIOD数据的经验研究[J].国际商务(对外经济贸易大学学报),2015(05):84-93.

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