会话言谈等互动交际受到多种语境因素的制约,包括交际意图、参与者的身份与地位、权势关系、人际关系等。针对人际语用问题,话语过程分析法的倡导者Haugh(2007b)、Mills(2011)、van der Bom & Mills(2015)等认为,人际交往中的(不)礼貌、冒犯等人际语用问题并不是直接体现于话语之中的,话语所表达的(不)礼貌、冒犯等人际语用信息往往是通过特定语境中交际双方或多方之间的信息理解与评价表现的。过程分析法强调语境对话语使用的制约作用,以及交际参与者之间对话语信息的理解与评价,因此该分析过程必然聚焦于交际参与者之间的话语互动及其效果。
针对会话言谈互动中话语使用的语境制约,尤其是动态的过程化因素,以往的语用学理论分析视角存在缺陷,难以呈现和阐释交际过程的诸多语用问题。虽然Grice (1991)的会话含意理论强调交际参与者传递的交际意图,但却无法很好地反映话语如何受制于动态的语境因素。同理,Brown & Levinson (1987)的面子理论及其礼貌策略论重视说话人的人际管理意图(比如对参与者双方的面子管理),并重视影响语言选择的语境因素(比如社会距离、权势关系、行为的驱使程度等),但却不能说明局部的、临时的、涌现的语境因素如何制约交际中话语或策略的选择。另外,Sperber & Wilson (1986/1995)的关联理论(relevance theory)虽然提出了交际所涉及的语境假设,并试图从认知语用的角度诠释交际信息的语用推理,但因其分析对象仍独立于动态的语境变化,即只关注信息理解,这样就无法体现语境对话语选择的过程性,也难以真正体现语言信息理解过程的动态性。
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