月球挖掘机技术哪家强？
据央视，北京时间12月2日4时53分，探月工程嫦娥五号着陆器和上升器组合体完成了月球钻取采样及封装。昨天嫦娥五号着陆月球后，开展了太阳翼展开、机构解锁等相关准备工作。
目前，着陆器和上升器组合体正按计划进行表取采样。嫦娥五号探测器自动采样任务采用表钻结合，多点采样的方式，设计了钻具钻取和机械臂表取两种“挖土”模式。
China Lands Chang'e-5 Spacecraft on Moon to Gather Lunar Rocks and Soil
The New York Times
China has landed a robotic spacecraft on the moon, Xinhua, the official statenews agency reported on Tuesday. The probe will spend two days gathering rocks and dirt from the lunar surface, with the goal of returning the first cache of moon samples to Earth since 1976.
The spacecraft, Chang’e-5, was the third successful uncrewed moon landing by China since 2013, when Chang’e-3 and its Yutu rover became China’s first visitor to make a lunar soft landing. In 2019, Chang’e-4 landed on the moon’s far side, the first spacecraft from Earth to ever do that. At least three more Chang’e moon landers are planned for the coming decade, ahead of China’s aspiration of building a moon base for astronauts in the 2030s.
If the operations on the moon and the return to Earth are successful, China will be only the third nation to bring lunar samples here. NASA astronauts accomplished that feat during the Apollo moon landings, as did the Soviet Union’s Luna robotic landers, ending with Luna 24 in 1976. Those samples made major contributions to the understanding of the solar system’s evolution, and planetary scientists have eagerly waited for additional samples.
After the spacecraft entered orbit around the moon, Chang’e-5 was split into two: the lander now on the surface and an orbiter that awaits its return. The spacecraft braked and successfully entered an elliptical orbit on Saturday, and braked again on Sunday to enter a nearly circular orbit, according to CCTV, the state television network. Additional maneuvers on Monday and Tuesday prepared the landing spacecraft for its descent to the surface.
The lander touched down at Mons Rümker, a volcanic plain on the moon’s near side that is estimated to be around 1.2 billion years old. That is considerably younger than the places explored by Apollo and Luna, which were all more than three billion years old.
The lander will need to accomplish its drilling and scooping tasks within a single lunar day, which lasts 14 Earth days. It is not designed to survive the frigid and dark lunar night.
The Chang’e-5 lander includes a small rocket, and before the sun sets, it will blast off with the rock and soil samples. This rocket will rendezvous and dock with the orbiting spacecraft for the journey back to Earth. The samples will be transferred to the orbiter for the journey back to Earth.
The sample is scheduled to land in China’s Inner Mongolia region in the middle of December.
The young age of the samples could prove valuable to scientists on Earth, who can use them to better calibrate techniques for estimating the ages of geological surfaces on planets, moons and asteroids throughout the solar system.
The specimens may also help scientists test hypotheses about what caused the volcanism evident in the region of the moon where Chang’e-5 landed.
- ◆ -
注：中文文本为纽约时报官方译文仅供参考
含注释全文：
China Lands Chang’e-5 Spacecraft on Moon to Gather Lunar Rocks and Soil
嫦娥五号成功在月球着陆
The New York Times
China has landed a robotic spacecraft on the moon, Xinhua, the official statenews agency reported on Tuesday. The probe will spend two days gathering rocks and dirt from the lunar surface, with the goal of returning the first cache of moon samples to Earth since 1976.
中国官方媒体新华社周二报道，中国的一艘机器人航天器已经在月球着陆。本次探测将用两天时间采集月球表面的岩石和土壤，从而带回自1976年以来的首批月球样本。
probe
在恏渏 亾類哋夲能文中提到了probe作名词有“探索；探查；查究；调查”的意思，英文解释为“an attempt to discover information by asking a lot of questions”，如：an FBI probe into corruption 联邦调查局对腐败的调查；也可以指“（医生或科学家用的）探针”，英文解释为“a long thin metal instrument that doctors and scientists use to examine parts of the body”。
此处probe解释为“探测器”，英文解释为：a device that is put inside something to test or record information. 如：a space probe 航天探测器/太空探测器。
🎬电影《像素大战》（Pixels）中的台词提到：That videotape will be placed in a space probe 录影带将放在太空探测器中。
此外，也可以作动词：
1）表示“调查；探寻”，英文解释为“If you probe into something, you ask questions or try to discover facts about it.”举个🌰：
The more they probed into his background, the more inflamed their suspicions would become.
他们越深入调查他的背景，对他的怀疑就会越强烈。
2）表示“用探针探查”，英文解释为“If a doctor or dentist probes, he or she uses a long instrument to examine part of a patient's body.”举个🌰：
He probed around the sensitive area.
他在敏感部位周围做了探查。
gather
1）表示“聚集；集合”，英文解释为“When people or animals gather, they come together in a group.”举个🌰：
A crowd had gathered to hear her speak.
一群人围拢过来听她演讲。
2）表示“收集，搜集；聚集，集拢”，英文解释为“to collect several things, often from different places or people”举个🌰：
I went to several libraries to gather information about the plans.
我去了数家图书馆去搜集有关这一计划的资料。
cache
表示“隐藏物（如武器）；（秘密）贮存物”，英文解释为“a hidden store of things such as weapons”如：an arms cache 隐藏的武器。
The spacecraft, Chang'e-5, was the third successful uncrewed moon landing by China since 2013, when Chang'e-3 and its Yutu rover became China's first visitor to make a lunar soft landing. In 2019, Chang'e-4 landed on the moon's far side, the first spacecraft from Earth to ever do that. At least three more Chang'e moon landers are planned for the coming decade, ahead of China's aspiration of building a moon base for astronauts in the 2030s.
本次的嫦娥五号航天器成功完成了中国自2013年以来的第三次无人月球着陆，第一次的嫦娥三号和玉兔月球车是中国首次在月球上软着陆。2019年，嫦娥四号在月球远端着陆，是来自地球的航天器首次做到这一点。在未来十年里，嫦娥月球着陆器按计划还会有至少三次任务，而后中国的设想是在2030年代建造一座供宇航员使用的月球基地。
rover
rover常见意思是“ 流浪者；漫游者”（a person who roves; wanderer），此处rover的英文解释为“a vehicle for exploring the surface of an extraterrestrial body (as the moon or Mars)”，即指部署在火星/月球上的探测器，即火星车/月球车，此前在「嗯，用不了多久...」一文中就提到美国的火星探测车（亦称为机遇号/机会号/火星探测漫游者-B，MER-B）因火星尘暴与地球“失联”3个多月时就这么表达：An American rover called Opportunity stopped working six months ago in a dust storm, but may revive if wind blows the dust off its solar panels.
📍此外，我们常听说的汽车品牌“路虎”的英文就是“Land Rover”。
Land Rover is a luxury car brand that specialises in four-wheel-drive vehicles, owned by British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which has been owned by India's Tata Motors since 2008.（Wikipedia）
路虎是英国的全地形车和运动型多用途车品牌，隶属于捷豹路虎，总部位于英国考文垂怀特利（Whitley）。
lander
表示“着陆器，着陆舱，登陆载具”，英文解释为“a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of a planet or moon”。
If the operations on the moon and the return to Earth are successful, China will be only the third nation to bring lunar samples here. NASA astronauts accomplished that feat during the Apollo moon landings, as did the Soviet Union's Luna robotic landers, ending with Luna 24 in 1976. Those samples made major contributions to the understanding of the solar system's evolution, and planetary scientists have eagerly waited for additional samples.
如果成功完成本次月球任务并返回地球，中国将成为第三个将月球样本带回的国家。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)宇航员通过阿波罗登月行动完成了这一壮举，此外还有苏联的机器人月球着陆器，最后一次是1976年的月球24号。那些样本对理解太阳系演化有着极大的帮助，行星科学家在热切盼望得到更多的样本。
feat
feat表示“功绩；技艺；武艺；功绩；英勇事迹”，英文解释为“If you refer to an action, or the result of an action, as a feat, you admire it because it is an impressive and difficult achievement.”如：to perform/attempt/achieve astonishing feats 表演惊人的技艺；争取/取得惊人的功绩，举个🌰：
The tunnel is a brilliant feat of engineering.
这条隧道是工程方面的光辉业绩。
📍be no easy feat 不容易，非易事。类似的还有be no small feat/ be no mean feat可以理解为“是了不起的成就，绝非易事”，英文解释为：to be a great achievement，举个🌰：
Getting the job finished in under a week was no mean feat.
一周内就把这项任务完成了，真了不起。
🎬电影《惊天魔盗团2》（Now You See Me 2）中的台词提到：by performing what he calls an impossible feat. 在这里上演他所谓不可能的奇迹。
After the spacecraft entered orbit around the moon, Chang'e-5 was split into two: the lander now on the surface and an orbiter that awaits its return. The spacecraft braked and successfully entered an elliptical orbit on Saturday, and braked again on Sunday to enter a nearly circular orbit, according to CCTV, the state television network. Additional maneuvers on Monday and Tuesday prepared the landing spacecraft for its descent to the surface.
进入环月轨道后，嫦娥五号会分解成两部分：着陆器已经在月球表面，还有一个轨道飞行器在等待它返回。据国家电视台CCTV的报道，航天器在制动后于周六成功进入椭圆形的轨道，周日再次制动，进入一个接近圆形的轨道。周一和周二的其他动作为着陆器下降到地面作了准备。
orbiter
表示“轨道飞船”，英文解释为“a spacecraft that orbits a planet or other celestial body (= a moon, star, etc.)”。
brake
表示“刹住；刹车”，英文解释为“to make a vehicle go slower or stop, using its brake or brakes”举个🌰：
When it's icy, brake gently.
路面有冰时要慢慢刹车。
elliptical
elliptical /ɪ'lɪptɪkəl,ɪˋlɪptɪkḷ/ 表示“椭圆的；椭圆形的”，英文解释为“having the shape of an ellipse”；还有“（言辞或文章）晦涩的，隐晦的”的意思（elliptical speech or writing is difficult to understand because more is meant than is actually said），举个🌰：
The language is often elliptical and ambiguous.
语言经常是隐晦和模棱两可的。
maneuver
英式 manoeuvre，美式 maneuver 此处作名词，表示“细致巧妙的移动；机动动作；策略；花招；巧计”，英文解释为“a movement performed with care and skill；a cleverly planned action that is intended to get an advantage”如：a complicated manoeuvre 复杂的移动。
descent
此处表示“下降，下落；下沉”，英文解释为“a movement down”，举个🌰：
The plane began (to make) its final descent into the airport.
飞机开始（做）最终下降，准备在机场着陆。
📍descent作名词还有“血缘关系，家族关系；祖先；出身，血统”的意思，英文解释为“the state or fact of being related to a particular person or group of people who lived in the past”，如：of Asian descent 亚裔，举个🌰：
She's a woman of mixed/French descent. 她是一个混血/法裔女人。
📍还可以表示“不期而至，突然到达”，英文解释为“an occasion when a group of people arrive somewhere, usually suddenly or unexpectedly”，举个🌰：
We weren't prepared for the descent of thousands of journalists on the town.
我们没想到数千名记者会突然来到镇上。
The lander touched down at Mons Rümker, a volcanic plain on the moon's near side that is estimated to be around 1.2 billion years old. That is considerably younger than the places explored by Apollo and Luna, which were all more than three billion years old.
着陆器在月球近端的火山平原吕姆克山（Mons Rümker）着陆，那里据估测已有12亿年的历史。这个地点相比阿波罗和苏联月球着陆器的着陆点要年轻许多，后两者都在30亿年以上。
The lander will need to accomplish its drilling and scooping tasks within a single lunar day, which lasts 14 Earth days. It is not designed to survive the frigid and dark lunar night.
着陆器需要在一个月球日内——相当于地球上的14天——完成钻探和取样。它在设计上并没有考虑如何在严寒、黑暗的月球夜晚生存。
drill
表示“（用特殊工具）钻孔；打眼”，英文解释为“to make a hole in something using a special tool”举个🌰：
Drill three holes in the wall for the screws.
在墙上打3个拧螺丝钉用的小孔。
scoop
表示“（用勺）舀；（用铲）铲”，英文解释为“to move something with a scoop or with something used as a scoop”举个🌰：
He scooped the sand into a bucket with his hands.
他用手把沙子捧进桶里。
frigid /ˈfrɪdʒɪd/
1）表示“ 寒冷的；严寒的”，英文解释为“very cold”，如：frigid air 冰冷的空气。
2）表示“冷淡的”，英文解释为“not showing any feelings of friendship or kindness”，如：a frigid voice 冷冰冰的声音。
The Chang'e-5 lander includes a small rocket, and before the sun sets, it will blast off with the rock and soil samples. This rocket will rendezvous and dock with the orbiting spacecraft for the journey back to Earth. The samples will be transferred to the orbiter for the journey back to Earth.
嫦娥五号着陆器包括一枚小火箭，它会在日落前点火，带着岩石和土壤样本升空。火箭会与环月飞行器交会对接（rendezvous and dock），以便返回地球。返回途中，样本会传送到轨道器上。
blast off
表示“（火箭）点火起飞，发射升空”，英文解释为“If a rocket blasts off, it leaves the ground to go into space.”
🎬电影《海啸奇迹》（The Impossible）中在放“孔明灯”时大家就狂喊：Blast off.
rendezvous
rendezvous /ˈrɒndeɪˌvuː/ 作动词，表示“（在约定的时间和地点）会面，相会，集合”，英文解释为“to meet at a time and place that have been arranged in advance”。
dock
表示“（使宇宙飞船在外层空间）对接”，英文解释为“if two spacecraft dock , or are docked , they are joined together in space”举个🌰：
Next year, a technology module will be docked on the space station.
明年将有一个技术舱与航天站对接。
The sample is scheduled to land in China's Inner Mongolia region in the middle of December.
按照计划，样本会在12月中旬在中国内蒙古地区着陆。
The young age of the samples could prove valuable to scientists on Earth, who can use them to better calibrate techniques for estimating the ages of geological surfaces on planets, moons and asteroids throughout the solar system.
对地球上的科学家而言，这些相对年轻的样本可能会极具价值，可以用于更好地调校用于评估太阳系内行星、卫星、陨石地理表面年龄的技术。
calibrate
表示“标定，校准（刻度，以使测量准确）”，英文解释为“to mark units of measurement on an instrument such as a thermometer so that it can be used for measuring sth accurately”。
The specimens may also help scientists test hypotheses about what caused the volcanism evident in the region of the moon where Chang'e-5 landed.
这些样本还将帮助科学家验证有关嫦娥五号着陆区域火山喷发原因的假说。
specimen
specimen /ˈspesɪmən/ 表示“（用于测试或检验的）样品，样本；标本”，英文解释为“a small amount or piece that is taken from something, so that it can be tested or examined”，如：a blood specimen 血样。
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