长高了！珠峰最新高程8848.86米
还记得今年5月份的为什么要给珠峰测身高这篇文章吗？今天，最新测量结果出来啦。
中尼两国共同宣布珠穆朗玛峰最新高程——8848.86米。这也意味着，15年前测量的8844.43米成为历史。
Mount Everest is more than two feet taller, China and Nepal announce
National Geographic
THE HIGHEST POINT on Earth has a newly announced elevation. Mount Everest is 29,031.69 feet above sea level, according to survey results presented today. That is more than two feet higher than the altitude previously recognized by the government of Nepal.
The elevation, which was announced on December 8 in a joint statement by the Survey Department of Nepal and Chinese authorities, is the culmination of a multiyear project to definitively measure the legendary mountain. As the first serious survey of Everest in 16 years, the effort has been closely followed by the geographic community—particularly scientists analyzing how a devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake in 2015 affected the region.
Last spring a small group of Nepalese surveyors and guides endured the biting cold of a nighttime ascent, reaching the top at 3 a.m. local time so they could conduct their work unimpeded by crowds of recreational climbers, to try to settle the matter.
“We want to deliver the message that we can do something with our own [country's] resources and technical manpower,” Khimlal Gautam, chief survey officer for the project, told National Geographic last year.
In 1856, mathematician Radhanath Sickdhar found that Everest is the highest mountain in the world while he was working for the Great Trigonometrical Survey, a project dedicated to surveying and mapping the Indian subcontinent. Since then, a handful of surveys have sought to pin down the mountain’s true height with the best technology available at the time.
Until the advent of satellites, surveyors used a device called a theodolite, a precision optical instrument mounted on a tripod, for measuring angles between two designated points. Lugging their heavy equipment from hilltop to hilltop, a survey team would incrementally measure Everest’s height from sea level, zig-zagging north from the Bay of Bengal until they could see the peak.
A 1954 survey using a similar technique calculated that Everest stands at 29,028 feet above sea level, a number that is still recognized by many countries and map publishers.
Then in 1999 a survey led by cartographer and explorer Bradford Washburn, and sponsored by the National Geographic Society, was the first to use GPS technology to measure the Everest summit. That team’s work delivered an altitude of 29,035.
To make their new survey as complete as possible, the Nepalese team decided to employ both techniques. On May 22, 2019, Gautam summited Everest with four teammates and deployed a GPS receiver, along with ground-penetrating radar to measure the depth of the snow piled on top of the rock. Meanwhile, teams of surveyors waited at eight sites with views of Everest’s summit to fix its elevation at sunrise, when the atmosphere is most clear, with modern laser theodolites.
A team of Chinese surveyors were at work on the north side of the mountain this spring measuring the summit using China’s network of Beidou satellites, a rival to the GPS system.
Now that the results have been announced, representatives from both countries expressed extreme confidence in the new altitudes. But Gautam is quick to point out that no matter how accurate, every survey comes with some margin for error. “In survey mapping, we can’t find the exact point or altitude,” he says. “We’re trying to find the MPV: most probable value.”
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注：中文文本为机器翻译仅供参考，并非一一对应
含注释全文：
Mount Everest is more than two feet taller, China and Nepal announce
National Geographic
THE HIGHEST POINT on Earth has a newly announced elevation. Mount Everest is 29,031.69 feet above sea level, according to survey results presented today. That is more than two feet higher than the altitude previously recognized by the government of Nepal.
地球上的最高点有了新公布的海拔高度。根据今天公布的调查结果，珠穆朗玛峰海拔29,031.69英尺。这比尼泊尔政府此前承认的海拔高度高出两英尺多。
elevation
表示“海拔；高度”，英文解释为“the height of a place above the level of the sea”举个🌰：
Atmospheric pressure varies with elevation and temperature.
气压随海拔和气温的变化而变化。
altitude
🚀altitude表示“海拔；海拔高度；高程”，英文解释为“the height above sea level”举个🌰：
We are flying at an altitude of 6 000 metres.
我们的飞行高度是6 000米。
区分：
🚩latitude：the distance of a place north or south of the equator (= the line around the world dividing north and south) , measured in degrees 纬度
🚩longitude：the distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian , measured in degrees 经度
The elevation, which was announced on December 8 in a joint statement by the Survey Department of Nepal and Chinese authorities, is the culmination of a multiyear project to definitively measure the legendary mountain. As the first serious survey of Everest in 16 years, the effort has been closely followed by the geographic community—particularly scientists analyzing how a devastating 7.8 magnitude earthquake in 2015 affected the region.
12月8日，尼泊尔勘测部和中国有关部门在一份联合声明中宣布了这一海拔高度，这是多年来明确测量这座著名山脉的项目的结晶。作为16年来首次对珠穆朗玛峰进行的严格测量，这项工作一直受到地理学界的密切关注--尤其是分析2015年7.8级毁灭性地震如何影响该地区的科学家。
culmination
表示“结局；某事物的顶点（极点，最终成果）”，英文解释为“Something, especially something important, that is the culmination of an activity, process, or series of events happens at the end of it.”举个🌰：
This little book represented the culmination of 6 years' work.
这本小书是6年工作的结晶。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述德国工会正推动四天工作制的文章中提到：Mr Hofmann's salvo ahead of collective-bargaining talks later this year points to a new stage in European labour relations—and a culmination of decades of pushing for working hours to be cut. 霍夫曼在今年晚些时候的劳资集体谈判启动之前突然开出这一炮，表明欧洲的劳资关系进入了一个新阶段，几十年来推动削减工时的努力也达到了顶峰。
legendary
legendary /ˈlɛdʒəndərɪ/ 表示“非常著名的；享有盛名的；传奇的；传说的”，英文解释为“very famous and talked about a lot by people, especially in a way that shows admiration；mentioned in stories from ancient times”，如：a legendary figure 大名鼎鼎/名扬四海的人物。
Last spring a small group of Nepalese surveyors and guides endured the biting cold of a nighttime ascent, reaching the top at 3 a.m. local time so they could conduct their work unimpeded by crowds of recreational climbers, to try to settle the matter.
去年春天，一小队尼泊尔勘测员和向导忍受着夜间登顶的刺骨寒冷，在当地时间凌晨3点到达山顶，这样他们就可以在不受休闲登山人群影响的情况下开展工作，以试图解决这一问题。
biting
1）表示“（天气）刺骨的，严寒的”，英文解释为“used to describe weather that is extremely cold, especially when it causes you physical pain”，如：a biting wind 刺骨的寒风，biting cold 严寒。
2）表示批评、话语等“尖刻的，刻薄的”，英文解释为“a biting criticism, remark etc is cruel or unkind”，如：a biting satire on corruption 对腐败现象的辛辣嘲讽。
ascent
表示“上升；升高；登高；攀登”，英文解释为“the act of climbing or moving up; an upward journey”，如：the first ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro 首次攀登乞力马扎罗山。
unimpeded
表示“未被中止的，未受阻碍的”，英文解释为“not stopped, blocked, or prevented by anything”举个🌰：
From this position you can enjoy an unimpeded view of the waterfall.
在这个位置可以对瀑布一览无余。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇分析美元的文章中提到：A fiscal-stimulus package would be an unimpeded spur to aggregate demand, leading to more imports, a wider trade deficit and a weaker dollar. 财政刺激方案将不受阻碍地刺激总需求，导致进口增加，贸易赤字扩大，美元走弱。
“We want to deliver the message that we can do something with our own [country's] resources and technical manpower,” Khimlal Gautam, chief survey officer for the project, told National Geographic last year.
该项目的首席调查官高塔姆（Khimlal Gautam）去年告诉《国家地理》，“我们想传递这样一个信息：我们可以用自己[国家]的资源和技术人力做一些事情。”
In 1856, mathematician Radhanath Sickdhar found that Everest is the highest mountain in the world while he was working for the Great Trigonometrical Survey, a project dedicated to surveying and mapping the Indian subcontinent. Since then, a handful of surveys have sought to pin down the mountain's true height with the best technology available at the time.
1856年，数学家拉达纳特·西克达尔（Radhanath Sickdhar）在为“大三角测量”项目工作时发现珠穆朗玛峰是世界上最高的山峰，这是一个专门测量和绘制印度次大陆的项目。从那时起，一些调查就试图用当时最好的技术来确定这座山的真实高度。
subcontinent
subcontinent表示“次大陆；（常指）南亚次大陆”，英文解释为“a large area of land that is part of a continent, often referring to South Asia”，如：the Indian subcontinent 印度次大陆。
pin down
表示“清楚地知道；确认；发现，查明”，英文解释为“to discover exact details about something”举个🌰：
We can't pin down where the leak came from.
我们无法确定哪里发生了泄漏。
📍《经济学人》（The Economist）一篇讲述猎头的文章中提到：Like Matthieu, the search industry is secretive, and numbers are hard to pin down. 和马修一样，这个行业行动隐秘，相关数据难以掌握。
Until the advent of satellites, surveyors used a device called a theodolite, a precision optical instrument mounted on a tripod, for measuring angles between two designated points. Lugging their heavy equipment from hilltop to hilltop, a survey team would incrementally measure Everest's height from sea level, zig-zagging north from the Bay of Bengal until they could see the peak.
在卫星出现之前，勘测人员使用一种叫做“经纬仪”（theodolite）的设备，这是一种安装在三脚架（tripod）上的精密光学仪器（precision optical instrument），用于测量两个指定点之间的角度。测量小组拖着沉重的设备从一个山头到另一个山头，从海平面开始逐步测量珠峰的高度，从孟加拉湾（the Bay of Bengal）向北曲折前进，直到他们能看到珠峰。
the advent of
表示“（事件、发明或人物的）出现，来临，到来”，英文解释为“the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving”举个🌰：
Life was transformed by the advent of the smartphone.
智能手机的出现使人类生活发生了翻天覆地的变化。
🎬电影《X战警：第一战》（X-Men: First Class）中的台词提到：The advent of the nuclear age may have accelerated the mutation process. 核时代的到来可能会加快突变过程。
mount
1）此处表示“安放，安装；镶嵌；裱贴”，英文解释为“to fix something to a wall, in a frame, etc., so that it can be looked at or used”举个🌰：
The surveillance camera is mounted above the main door.
闭路电视的摄像机安装在大门的上方。
2）此前还出现过的含义如，表示“逐步增加；增长，上升”，就是increase的高级版，举个🌰：
The death toll continues to mount.
死亡人数持续增加。
📍去年9月，美国电子烟巨头Juul的CEO辞职时，经济学人的文章中用到了As concerns mount这一表达：Juul replaced its chief executive, as concerns mount about the health risks of e-cigarettes.
3）表示“准备；安排；组织；开展，发动”，英文解释为“If you mount a campaign or event, you organize it and make it take place.”举个🌰：
The National Gallery mounted an exhibition of American painting.
国家美术馆举办了美国画展。
📍比如，BBC在重庆公交车坠江一文中提到的，开展大规模救援行动，A huge rescue operation was mounted.
📍纽约时报在全美最严苛反堕胎法案诞生一文中也有用到了mount的这个含义：In the coming days, we will be mounting the fight of our lives — we will take this to court and ensure abortion remains safe and legal. 在未来的日子里，我们将发动我们生命中的斗争--我们将诉诸法庭，确保堕胎仍然安全和合法。
designate /ˈdezɪɡneɪt/
1）表示“命名；指定，划定（特征、用途）”，英文解释为“When you designate someone or something as a particular thing, you formally give them that description or name.”举个🌰：
There are efforts under way to designate the bridge (as) a historic landmark.
人们在努力把这座桥定为历史地标。
2）表示“指定，选定；委派”，英文解释为“When you designate someone as something, you formally choose them to do that particular job.”举个🌰：
Designate someone as the spokesperson.
指派某人为发言人。
📍designated作形容词，表示“指定的；特指的，划定的”。
lug
表示“（吃力地/费力地）拖/拉/提（重物）”，英文解释为“If you lug a heavy or awkward object somewhere, you carry it there with difficulty.”举个🌰：
Nobody wants to lug around huge suitcases full of clothes.
没有人愿意拖着装满衣服的大箱子到处转。
zig-zag
zigzag /ˈzɪɡˌzæɡ/ 作动词，表示“呈之字形移动，曲折行进”，英文解释为“to make a movement or shape like a zigzag”举个🌰：
The road zigzags along a rocky coastline.
道路沿着岩石嶙峋的海岸蜿蜒延伸。
A 1954 survey using a similar technique calculated that Everest stands at 29,028 feet above sea level, a number that is still recognized by many countries and map publishers.
1954年的一项调查使用类似的技术计算出珠峰的高度为海拔29,028英尺，这个数字至今仍被许多国家和地图出版商认可。
stand
表示“高度为，高达；达特定水平（或数量、高度等）”，英文解释为“to be at a particular level, amount, height, etc”举个🌰：
Even without his shoes he stood over two metres tall.
即便不穿鞋，他身高也超过了两米。
Interest rates stand at 3%.
利率为3%。
Then in 1999 a survey led by cartographer and explorer Bradford Washburn, and sponsored by the National Geographic Society, was the first to use GPS technology to measure the Everest summit. That team's work delivered an altitude of 29,035.
1999年，由制图师和探险家布拉德福德·沃什伯恩（Bradford Washburn）领导、国家地理学会赞助的一项调查，第一次使用GPS技术测量珠峰顶峰。该团队测量结果为海拔29,035英尺。
To make their new survey as complete as possible, the Nepalese team decided to employ both techniques. On May 22, 2019, Gautam summited Everest with four teammates and deployed a GPS receiver, along with ground-penetrating radar to measure the depth of the snow piled on top of the rock. Meanwhile, teams of surveyors waited at eight sites with views of Everest's summit to fix its elevation at sunrise, when the atmosphere is most clear, with modern laser theodolites.
为了使他们的新调查尽可能完整，尼泊尔团队决定采用这两种技术。2019年5月22日，高塔姆与四名队友一起登上珠峰，并部署了一个GPS接收器，以及探地雷达来测量堆积在岩石顶部的积雪深度。同时，勘测队在8个能看到珠峰山顶的地点等待，在日出时分，也就是大气最清晰的时候，用现代化激光经纬仪确定珠峰的海拔高度。
employ
常见含义表示“雇用”（to have someone work or do a job for you and pay them for it），也可以表示“使用；利用”，英文解释为“to use something”举个🌰：
Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results.
利用尖端的统计分析技术得到了这些结果。
deploy
1) 表示“利用，调动（尤指想法、论据等）”，英文解释为“to use something for a particular purpose, especially ideas, arguments etc”，如：a job in which a variety of professional skills will be deployed 要用到多项专业技术的工作。
2) 表示“部署，调度（士兵、军事装备等）”，英文解释为“to organize or move soldiers, military equipment etc so that they are in the right place and ready to be used”，如：NATO's decision to deploy cruise missiles 北约要部署巡航导弹的决定。
A team of Chinese surveyors were at work on the north side of the mountain this spring measuring the summit using China's network of Beidou satellites, a rival to the GPS system.
今年春天，中国的一个测量小组在山的北侧工作，利用中国的北斗卫星网络测量山顶，这是GPS系统的竞争对手。
Now that the results have been announced, representatives from both countries expressed extreme confidence in the new altitudes. But Gautam is quick to point out that no matter how accurate, every survey comes with some margin for error. “In survey mapping, we can't find the exact point or altitude,” he says. “We're trying to find the MPV: most probable value.”
现在结果已经公布，两国代表都表示对新的海拔高度极有信心。但高塔姆很快指出，无论多么精确，每一次测量都会有一定的误差。“在调查制图中，我们无法找到准确的点或高度，”他说。“我们试图找到MPV：最有可能的值。”
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