国际顶刊 |《政治经济学杂志》第130期（2022年）第1期
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本期国际化部为大家带来了Journal of Political Economy（JPE，《政治经济学杂志》）2022年第130卷第1期文章编译。
编译属国际化部译者志愿提供，如有不妥欢迎指正；如对我们的工作有什么建议，欢迎到后台留言；如有转载请注明出处。学术公益是一条很长的路，我们诚邀您同行，欢迎留言您希望编译的政治学期刊，感谢您的支持。
PART 1
期刊简介
Journal of Political Economy（JPE，《政治经济学杂志》）是经济学领域内最古老和最负盛名的期刊之一，在经济理论和实践方面提供了重要而重要的学术研究。该刊旨在货币理论、财政政策、劳动经济学、发展、微观经济和宏观经济理论、国际贸易和金融、产业组织和社会经济学等多个领域发表高度选择性和广泛引用的分析、解释和实证研究。该刊在《科睿唯安2021年期刊引用报告》（Clarivate JCR2021）中JIF=9.637，在379种经济学类（Economics-SSCI）期刊中排名第8（Q1）。
PART 2
期刊目录
Management and Shocks to Worker Productivity
管理方式与对工人生产力的冲击
Cooperative Property Rights and Development: Evidence from Land Reform in El Salvador
合作产权与发展：来自萨尔瓦多土地改革的证据
Tolerance and Compromise in Social Networks
社会网络中的容忍与妥协
The Mortgage Rate Conundrum
抵押贷款利率难题
Improving Business Practices and the Boundary of the Entrepreneur: A Randomized Experiment Comparing Training, Consulting, Insourcing, and Outsourcing
改善商业实践和企业家的边界：一个比较培训、咨询、内包和外包的随机实验
Rationing the Commons
对公共资源的配给
PART 3
精选译文
01 管理方式与对工人生产力的冲击
【题目】
Management and Shocks to Worker Productivity
【作者】
Achyuta Adhvaryu, Namrata Kala, Anant Nyshadham
【摘要】
我们在本文中研究了经理如何减轻环境冲击带来的负面影响。通过将一家服装公司的生产数据与空气污染颗粒测量数据匹配起来，我们表明了生产力会受到污染冲击的影响，但经理对此的反应是重新分配对空气污染特别敏感的工人以改善工人各自匹配的任务，从而减少其对团队生产力带来的损失。对于更不积极的经理来说，他们对环境污染的反应较小；而这些经理也最缺乏缓解生产力下降的能力。我们调整了经理重新分配的机会，并比较不同积极性水平的经理通过对工人与任务重新分配能够多大程度地接近模拟的生产可能性边界，确认了研究中提出的这种模式。
We study how managers mitigate the negative impacts of environmental shocks. Pairing productivity data from a garment firm with granular measures of air pollution, we show that productivity suffers as a result of pollution shocks but that managers respond by reallocating particularly sensitive workers to improve worker-to-task matches, thus mitigating team productivity losses. Responses are smaller for more inattentive managers; these same managers are also least able to mitigate productivity declines. These patterns are confirmed by leveraging variation in opportunities for reallocation and comparing how close managers of differing attentiveness can get to the simulated production frontier by reallocating workers.
02 合作产权与发展：来自萨尔瓦多土地改革的证据
【题目】
Cooperative Property Rights and Development: Evidence from Land Reform in El Salvador
【作者】
Montero, Eduardo
【摘要】
在合作产权制度下，工人共同拥有产权并管理生产，而在产权外部所有制下，产权所有者与工人签订合同。尽管目前针对产权分配如何影响对专业化、效率和公平产生影响的文献很丰富，但因果证据较少。在1980年萨尔瓦多的土地改革中，军政府将累计拥有土地超过500公顷的个人拥有的财产重组为合作社；而低于这一门槛的财产仍然是由外部产权所有者拥有。我基于形成合作社的概率分布不连续这一事实，提供了关于合作产权（相对于产权由外部所有）如何影响专业化、生产力和工人平等的证据。
In cooperative property rights systems, workers jointly own and manage production, whereas in outside-ownership systems, an owner contracts workers. Despite a rich literature on how the allocation of property rights matters for specialization, efficiency, and equity, little causal evidence exists. During a land reform in El Salvador in 1980, the military government reorganized properties owned by individuals with cumulative landholdings over 500 hectares into cooperatives; properties below this threshold remained as outside-owned properties. Using the discontinuous probability of cooperative formation, I provide evidence on the effects of cooperative property rights relative to outside ownership on specialization, productivity, and worker equity.
03 社会网络中的容忍与妥协
【题目】
Tolerance and Compromise in Social Networks
【作者】
Garance Genicot
【摘要】
个体在身份（他们理想中认为的自己和所处网络中其他成员的行为）以及对偏离他们理想中行为的容忍度上存在差异。本文研究的是妥协，即个体通过偏离自己的理想位置，以便于为他人接受。我在文中表明，一个人在均衡状态下的妥协是以她的容忍度和社会中最低容忍度之间的差异为界限的。相对而言更不愿意容忍的个体起到了“桥梁的作用”，他们对于达成互惠性的妥协至关重要。当具有极端性身份的个体系统性地降低容忍度时，社会就会出现两极分化。相反，温和派中的不容忍行为则会促进凝聚力。
Individuals typically differ in their identities—the behaviors they deem ideal for themselves and for the members of their network—and in their tolerance for behaviors that deviate from their ideals. This paper studies compromise—that is, departures from one’s ideal point, to be accepted by others. I show that an individual’s compromise in equilibrium is bounded by the difference between her tolerance level and the lowest tolerance level in society. Relatively intolerant individuals, who serve as “bridges,” are critical for reciprocated compromise. When individuals with extreme identities are systematically less tolerant, societies polarize. In contrast, intolerance among moderates encourages cohesion.
04 抵押贷款利率难题
【题目】
The Mortgage Rate Conundrum
【作者】
Alejandro Justiniano, Giorgio E. Primiceri, and Andrea Tambalotti
【摘要】
我们研究了21世纪初信贷热潮中私人证券化的住宅抵押贷款的利率。数据揭示了从2003年夏天开始，抵押贷款和国债利率之间的利差出现了急剧和持续性的下降。这一抵押贷款利率难题的出现紧随着前所未有的再融资潮崩溃，而且在融资崩溃较快的地区更为明显。这些地区中有着更多不合格发放的抵押贷款，而这些抵押贷款在2003年后推动了私人标签证券化进程。在这个转变期之后发放的抵押贷款最先显示出了质量下降的迹象。
We study the interest rates of privately securitized residential mortgages during the credit boom of the early 2000s. They reveal a sharp and persistent drop in the spread between mortgage and Treasury rates starting in the summer of 2003. The emergence of this mortgage rate conundrum immediately followed the collapse of an unprecedented refinancing wave, and it was more pronounced in the regions where that wave had grown faster. These same areas also experienced more originations of the nonconforming mortgages that boosted private label securitization after 2003. Mortgages originated after this shift are the first to show signs of deteriorating quality.
05 改善商业实践和企业家的边界：一个比较培训、咨询、内包和外包的随机实验
【标题】
Improving Business Practices and the Boundary of the Entrepreneur: A Randomized Experiment Comparing Training, Consulting, Insourcing, and Outsourcing
【作者】
Anderson, Stephen J. and McKenzie, David.
【摘要】
许多小企业缺乏自身发展所需的财务和营销技能。一个标准的解决方案是对企业家进行这些技能的培训。然而，与其要求企业家掌握所有内容，不如把视野置于在企业家之外，通过将任务内部分配给员工或外包给专业人士，以市场机制联通企业与其所需的技能。我们在尼日利亚进行了一个随机实验，以检验这些不同方法改善商业实践的相对有效性。我们发现内包和外包都在商业培训中占主导地位，并且至少与商业咨询的效果一样好，而成本只有后者的一半。
Many small firms lack the finance and marketing skills needed for growth. A standard approach is to train the entrepreneur in these skills. However, rather than requiring entrepreneurs to learn everything, an alternative is to move beyond the boundary of the entrepreneur and link firms to these skills in a marketplace through insourcing workers or outsourcing tasks to professionals. We conducted a randomized experiment in Nigeria to test the relative effectiveness of these different approaches in improving business practices. Insourcing and outsourcing both dominate business training and do at least as well as business consulting at half the cost.
06 对公共资源的配给
【标题】
Rationing the Commons
【作者】
Ryan, Nicholas and Sudarshan, Anant.
【摘要】
出于对公平的追求，政府可以运用低效的政策来管理公共资源。我们通过研究印度拉贾斯坦邦的农业地下水使用，来探究公共资源配给如何影响资源使用的效率和公平。我们发现，配给的方式限制了投入资源的使用量，因此，尽管水税的价格微不足道，但农民平均使用的水大致达到了社会最优量。配给制度仍然是严重缺乏效率的，因为它在农民之间错配了水资源，降低了生产力。皮古税改将使农业盈余增加12%的家庭收入，但远远无法实现针对配给制的帕累托改进。
Common resources may be managed with inefficient policies for the sake of equity. We study how rationing the commons shapes the efficiency and equity of resource use in the context of agricultural groundwater use in Rajasthan, India. We find that rationing binds on input use, such that farmers, despite trivial prices for water extraction, use roughly the socially optimal amount of water on average. The rationing regime is still grossly inefficient, because it misallocates water across farmers, lowering productivity. Pigouvian reform would increase agricultural surplus by 12% of household income yet fall well short of a Pareto improvement over rationing.
翻 译：宋文佳
校 对：刘依云
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编辑：焦 磊
一审：李璐雅
二审：郭见田