史诗与朋克交汇的地方：BBC湖北音乐专题

Original 声音史声音史 2023-05-07

原创文章•谢绝转载

继在英国BBC广播三台（BBC Radio 3）介绍了新疆音乐和贵州音乐之后，我这次做了一期介绍湖北音乐的节目。仍然是Music Planet（音乐星球）板块下的Road Trip（公路旅程）栏目，于2022年2月5日播出。这个栏目的理念是带领听众在世界各地的音乐中旅行。

这次我播放了三首2019年11月在湖北的田野录音，其中有两首在房县录的诗经民歌，还有一首在神农架录的汉族史诗《黑暗传》。另外我还播放了曾侯乙编钟乐曲《竹枝词》和武汉朋克乐队生命之饼的《大武汉贴采样》，希望能够在该栏目短短的十几分钟时间里展现湖北音乐的过去和现在。

由于我的拖延症，过了两年多才把这期节目做出来。不过从另一方面来看也有好处：在全世界因为新冠病毒而知道了湖北和武汉之后，希望本节目能够向世界展示湖北的另一面——深厚而丰富的音乐文化。

在此要向很多朋友的帮助表示感谢：武汉音乐学院的孙晓辉教授、中国音乐学院的杨帆博士、中国唱片总公司的侯均先生，还有我在湖北采访过但是因为时间关系而未能收录在节目中的朱其全、刘国财、史光裕老师。

点击下方可收听节目录音（请忍受半分钟的广告）：

或上BBC官网收听：

播客版：

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0bncbyj

广播版：

https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00147hj（16:05 到28:46）

以下是解说词及中文翻译：

Today we visit Hubei province in Central China. Literally meaning "north of the lake", Hubei is located to the north of the Dongting Lake. The strategic location of Hubei can be shown by the fact that if you travel by land from Hubei to any other province in China, you only have to cross two provinces at the most. The Changjiang, or Yangtze River, flows through the province.

今天我们将要探访位于中国中部的湖北省。湖北的字面意思是 "湖的北面"，因为它位于洞庭湖以北。湖北的地理位置极具战略意义，从这里去往中国任何一个其他省份，你最多只需要穿过两个省。长江在湖北贯穿而过。

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1. 曾侯乙编钟

Hubei also has an important position in Chinese music. Made in 433 B.C. during the Warring States period, the Zenghou Yi bianzhong, or bells of Marquis Yi of the Zeng state, represented the highest achievement of ancient Chinese ritual music culture and instrument building.

湖北在中国音乐史上也具有重要地位。战国时期的曾侯乙编钟铸造于公元前433年，它代表了中国古代礼乐文化和乐器制造的最高成就。

曾侯乙编钟（图源：网络）

What you’re listening to now is a recording of a duo piece called Zhuzhi ci, which means Poem of the bamboo twig, played by musicians from the Hubei Provincial Song and Dance Ensemble on the Zenghou Yi bianzhong and a set of bianqing, or flat stone chimes. The melodic part is played on the bianqing, while the bass part is played on the Zenghou Yi bianzhong, 2500 years old when this piece was recorded, in 1986 by China Record.

您现在听到的是湖北省歌舞团的音乐家用编钟和编磬演奏的《竹枝词》。旋律部分由编磬演奏，而低音部分就是由曾侯乙编钟演奏的。这首乐曲由中国唱片公司在1986年录制，当时曾侯乙编钟已经2500多岁了。

Unearthed in 1978 in Suizhou in northern Hubei, the whole set of Zenghou Yi bianzhong consists of 65 bells, which can play all the twelve semitones and spans five octaves. Each bell can produce two tones when struck on the front and side. The total weight of the bells is over 2 and a half tons. It’s a living testimony of ancient Chinese court music, and the bells are now protected from use to preserve their condition.

曾侯乙编钟1978年出土于湖北随州，共65件，跨越五个八度并可以演奏所有的12个半音。每个钟在正面和侧面敲击时可以发出两个不同的音，整套编钟的总重量超过2.5吨。曾侯乙编钟是中国古代宫廷音乐活生生的见证。为了保护文物，如今它们已被封存，不再使用。

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2. 诗经民歌

One of the most special genres of Hubei music is the folksong based on Shijing, or Classic of poetry, the oldest extant collection of Chinese poetry, comprising 305 poems dating from the 11th to the 7th centuries B.C.

诗经民歌是湖北最独特的音乐形式之一。《诗经》是中国最早的诗歌总集，包括公元前11世纪至公元前7世纪的305首诗歌。

We are now in the Fang county of northwestern Hubei, and we’re about to hear the best-known piece from this collection, Guan ju, sung by Deng Fading. It’s a love song from the Zhounan area, which covered northwestern Hubei where Fang county is located. It has been dated to the seventh century B.C., making it one of China's oldest poems:

我们现在在湖北西北部的房县，将要听到的是《诗经》中最著名的作品《关雎》，由邓发鼎演唱。这是一首来自周南地区的情歌，而周南地区就包括房县所在的鄂西北。这首公元前七世纪的作品是中国最古老的诗歌之一：

邓发鼎（摄影：穆谦）

Guan, guan, cry the ospreys / On the river isle
The beautiful and fine woman / A good mate for the lord

关关雎鸠，在河之洲。
窈窕淑女，君子好逑。

Of varying lengths are the xing waterplants / To the left and right we look for them
The beautiful and fine woman / Waking and sleeping he wished for her

参差荇菜，左右流之。
窈窕淑女，寤寐求之。

Here is another Shijing folksong, based on the poem Fa tan, sung by You Defeng and Chen Maoyun. Literally meaning hewing woods, the poem reflects the discontent of the people against the rulers, mocking the exploiters for eating without working. However, the lyrics here are a little different. With the same images of people hewing the tan wood, it is an idyllic pastoral depicting the local scenery and lifestyle. As everywhere else in the world, a folk song here has numerous versions. The canonized text of Fa tan in the Classic of poetry is just one of them.

《伐檀》是另一首诗经民歌，由尤德凤和陈茂云演唱。这首关于伐树的诗反映了人民对统治者的不满，并嘲笑剥削阶级不劳而获的行为。然而，这首民歌的歌词却有些不同。同样的伐树场景，在这里充满了田园意味，是当地风景和生活方式的一部分。与世界上任何地方一样，这里的民歌有许多版本，《诗经》中收录的《伐檀》只是其中一个版本而已。

朱其全收集、整理的诗经民歌《伐檀》（摄影：穆谦）

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3. 汉族创世史诗《黑暗传》

From Fang county to Shennongjia, an area of primeval forest in western Hubei, we travel back to a time when myths and histories were intertwined. Shennongjia is said to be the place where Shennong, the patron deity of farmers and practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine, picked and identified hundreds of herbs by eating them personally. This is also where Hei’an zhuan, an epic of Chinese creation myths, is still popular.

从房县到鄂西原始森林地带的神农架，我们回到了一个神话与历史交织的时代。神农架因神农氏而得名，传说中他是农业和医药的守护神，曾经遍尝百草。在神农架，汉族创世史诗《黑暗传》仍然在流传着。

In the town of Dajiuhu, a night vigil is going on in the home of someone who just passed away. At the center of the room is a coffin. A son of the deceased is holding a white banner as a sign of filial piety, and he is circling the coffin with a group of musicians. Accompanied by a drum, gong, and a pair of cymbals, the singer is singing Hei'an zhuan, which means Epic of darkness.

在大九湖镇，一个家庭有人刚刚去世，人们正在守丧。房子的中央放着棺材，死者的儿子打着白幡以示孝道，他和一群乐师在围着棺材转圈。在锣、鼓、镲的伴奏下，一个歌手正在演唱《黑暗传》。

《黑暗传》歌师陈切松（摄影：穆谦）

The story of Hei'an zhuan starts with the time when the universe was in darkness. It was only later in the epic that Pangu separated heaven and earth with his ax, and Nüwa created human beings with mud. Hei'an zhuan is a part of a rich oral tradition in this part of Hubei, and it connects with other epics about documented dynastic histories of China.

《黑暗传》的故事从宇宙一片混沌的时候讲起，后来盘古才用他的斧头分开了天和地，女娲也用泥巴创造了人类。《黑暗传》是鄂西北丰富的口头传统的一部分，它与其他“纲鉴”类史书唱本共同构成了民间的口传历史。

In the local culture, songs are divided into yin and yang repertoires. Yang songs are about love, labor, and everyday life, while yin songs are about deities and histories, and are usually sung at funerals. Hei'an zhuan is a part of the yin repertoire, and is a combination of Buddhist, Daoist, and Confucian thoughts, which reflects the mixed nature of Chinese folk belief. Nobel-prize winner Gao Xingjian quoted it in his novel Soul mountain.

在当地文化中，歌曲被分为阴阳两类。阳歌是关于爱情、劳动和生活的，而阴歌则是关于鬼神和历史的，通常在丧事上演唱。《黑暗传》是阴歌的一部分，它融合了儒、释、道的思想，反映了中国民间信仰的混生性。诺贝尔奖获得者高行健在其小说《灵山》中引用过《黑暗传》。

Hei’an zhuan used to be banned during the Cultural Revolution, but is now a nationally recognized intangible cultural heritage. Having learned the epic from his grandfather, the middle-aged singer Chen Qiesong now teaches it to students and sometimes performs it on stage, but to really feel its power, you have to attend a night vigil, where the singing of Hei‘an zhuan goes on throughout the night, and can last for several nights.

《黑暗传》在文革期间曾被禁止，但现在成为了国家级非物质文化遗产。中年歌手陈其松从他外公那里学到了这部史诗，现在他把它教给学生，有时还在舞台上表演。不过，要想真正感受它的力量，你需要到鄂西北去听守丧时通宵演唱的《黑暗传》，人们有时会连唱几夜。

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4. 武汉朋克乐队生命之饼

Back to the present day, we end this Road Trip in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei province, located at the confluence of the Yangtze river and its largest tributary, the Han River. It is of course indelibly associated with Covid-19, but the city is much more than that.

回到当下，我们在武汉结束这次公路旅行。武汉是湖北省的省会，位于长江及其最大支流汉江的交汇之处。武汉因为新冠病毒而闻名世界，但这个城市远不止于此。

Given all the ancient music of Hubei that we have just listened to, it may be a little surprising to find that Wuhan is called China’s capital of punk music. But one shouldn’t be too surprised, because there is so much history, energy, and emotion in this city. In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty broke out here, which led to the ending of millennia of imperial history and the establishment of the Republic of China. Today, Wuhan is a fast-developing and young city. It has a college student population of more than one million, one of the largest in China and in the world.

鉴于我们刚刚听过湖北的一些非常古老的音乐，作为中国朋克音乐之都的武汉可能会有点令人惊讶。但我们并不应该过分吃惊，因为这个城市有太多的历史、能量和情感。1911年，这里爆发了反对清朝的辛亥革命，结束了几千年的封建社会，并导致了中华民国的成立。今天，武汉是一个高速发展的年轻城市。它有超过100万的大学生人口，在全国和全世界都名列前茅。

SMZB is one of China’s first punk bands. Their name is an abbreviation for Shengming zhi Bing which means “bread of life”. This song titled Da Wuhan tie caiyang, or Collage of samples from big Wuhan, is from their 2008 album Ten years rebellion. As the title suggests, it is a song dedicated to the city of Wuhan:

SMZB是中国最早的朋克乐队之一，他们的名字是生命之饼的缩写。这首《大武汉贴采样》来自他们2008年的专辑《十年反抗》。正如其标题所示，这是一首献给武汉的歌：

生命之饼乐队《十年反抗》专辑（图源：网络）

“I live here with my dream / I walk on the street with my hope / I want to change this city / Because she belongs to you and me / Here is a punk city—Wuhan! / We sing this song for you—Wuhan! / We start to rebel and fight in Wuhan! / Everybody cheers for you! / Everybody cheers for you!”