TED | 中国的这一代年轻人是什么样的？

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关于年轻一代，梁启超在《少年中国说》中说：“今日之责任，不在他人，而全在我少年。如其所说，年轻一代，是国之栋梁与希望。尤其是在如今的社会转型期，年轻人只有肩负起身上的责任与重担，只有坚守自己的原则和底线，才能创造出更为美好的世界。

一起来看杨澜在Ted上的演讲《年轻的一代将会改变国家》。她关注国家大事小事，对中国年轻人充满成功的期盼。你也许觉得演讲带来的是更多的思考而不是答案，其实，答案不就在我们每一个家庭对孩子的培养中么？

https://v.qq.com/txp/iframe/player.html?vid=i0145nh72m6&width=500&height=375&auto=0

The night before I was heading forScotland, I was invited to host the final of "China's Got Talent"show in Shanghai with the 80,000 live audience in the stadium. Guewho was theperforming guest? Susan Boyle. And I told her, "I'm going to Scotland thenext day." She sang beautifully, and she even managed to say a few wordsin Chinese. [Chinese] So it's not like "hello" or "thank you,"that ordinary stuff. It means "green onion for free." Why did she saythat? Because it was a line from our Chinese parallel Susan Boyle -- a 50-someyear-old woman, a vegetable vendor in Shanghai, who loves singing Westernopera, but she didn't understand any English or French or Italian, so shemanaged to fill in the lyrics with vegetable names in Chinese. (Laughter) Andthe last sentence of Nessun Dorma that she was singing in the stadium was"green onion for free." So [as] Susan Boyle was saying that, 80,000live audience sang together. That was hilarious.

来苏格兰(做TED讲演)的前夜，我被邀请去上海做”中国达人秀“决赛的评委。在装有八万现场观众的演播厅里，在台上的表演嘉宾居然是(来自苏格兰的，因参加英国达人秀走红的)苏珊大妈(Susan Boyle)。我告诉她，“我明天就要启程去苏格兰。” 她唱得很动听，还对观众说了几句中文，她并没有说简单的”你好“或者”谢谢“，她说的是——“送你葱”(Song Ni Cong)。为什么?这句话其实来源于中国版的“苏珊大妈”——一位五十岁的以卖菜为生，却对西方歌剧有出奇爱好的上海中年妇女(蔡洪平)。这位中国的苏珊大妈并不懂英文，法语或意大利文，所以她将歌剧中的词汇都换做中文中的蔬菜名，并且演唱出来。在她口中，歌剧《图兰朵》的最后一句便是“Song Ni Cong”。当真正的英国苏珊大妈唱出这一句“中文的”《图兰朵》时，全场的八万观众也一起高声歌唱，场面的确有些滑稽(hilarious)。

So I gueboth Susan Boyle and this vegetablevendor in Shanghai belonged to otherness. They were the least expected to besuccessful in the businecalled entertainment, yet their courage and talentbrought them through. And a show and a platform gave them the stage to realizetheir dreams. Well, being different is not that difficult. We are all differentfrom different perspectives. But I think being different is good, because youpresent a different point of view. You may have the chance to make adifference.

我想Susan Boyle和这位上海的买菜农妇的确属于人群中的少数。她们是最不可能在演艺界成功的，而她们的勇气和才华让她们成功了，这个节目和舞台给予了她们一个实现个人梦想的机会。这样看来，与众不同好像没有那么难。从不同的方面审视，我们每个人都是不同的。但是我想，与众不同是一件好事，因为你代表了不一样的观点，你拥有了做改变的机会。

My generation has been very fortunate towitneand participate in the historic transformation of China that has made somany changes in the past 20, 30 years. I remember that in the year of 1990,when I was graduating from college, I was applying for a job in the salesdepartment of the first five-star hotel in Beijing, Great Wall Sheraton -- it'sstill there. So after being interrogated by this Japanese manager for a half anhour, he finally said, "So, MiYang, do you have any questions to askme?" I summoned my courage and poise and said, "Yes, but could youlet me know, what actually do you sell?" I didn't have a clue what a salesdepartment was about in a five-star hotel. That was the first day I set my footin a five-star hotel.

我这一代中国人很幸运的目睹并且参与了中国在过去二三十年中经历的巨变。我记得1990年，当我刚大学毕业时，我申请了当时北京的第一家五星级酒店——长城喜来登酒店的销售部门的工作。这家酒店现在仍在北京。当我被一位日本籍经理面试了一个半小时之后，他问到，“杨小姐，你有什么想问我的吗?”，我屏住呼吸，问道“是的，你能告诉我，具体我需要销售些什么吗?” 当时的我，对五星级酒店的销售部门没有任何概念，事实上，那是我第一次进到一家五星级酒店。

Around the same time, I was going throughan audition -- the first ever open audition by national television in China --with another thousand college girls. The producer told us they were looking forsome sweet, innocent and beautiful fresh face. So when it was my turn, I stoodup and said, "Why [do] women's personalities on television always have tobe beautiful, sweet, innocent and, you know, supportive? Why can't they havetheir own ideas and their own voice?" I thought I kind of offended them.But actually, they were impressed by my words. And so I was in the second roundof competition, and then the third and the fourth. After seven rounds ofcompetition, I was the last one to survive it. So I was on a nationaltelevision prime-time show. And believe it or not, that was the first show onChinese television that allowed its hosts to speak out of their own mindswithout reading an approved script. (Applause) And my weekly audience at thattime was between 200 to 300 million people.

我当时也在参加另一嘲面试”，中国国家电视台的首次公开试镜，与我一起参与选拔的还有另外1000名大学女毕业生。节目制作人说，他们希望找到一位甜美，无辜(LOL)，漂亮的新鲜面孔。轮到我的时候，我问道“为什么在电视屏幕上，女性总应该表现出甜美漂亮，甚至是服从性的一面?为什么她们不能有她们自己的想法和声音?“我觉得我的问题甚至有点冒犯到了他。但实际上，他们对我的表现印象深刻。我进入了第二轮选拔，第三轮，第四轮，直至最后的第七场选拔，我是唯一一个走到最后的试镜者。我从此走上了国家电视台黄金时段的荧幕。你可能不相信，但在当时，我所主持的电视节目是中国第一个，不让主持人念已经审核过的稿件的节目(掌声)。我每周需要面对两亿到三亿左右的电视观众。

Well after a few years, I decided to go tothe U.S. and Columbia University to pursue my postgraduate studies, and thenstarted my own media company, which was unthought of during the years that Istarted my career. So we do a lot of things. I've interviewed more than athousand people in the past. And sometimes I have young people approaching mesay, "Lan, you changed my life," and I feel proud of that. But thenwe are also so fortunate to witnethe transformation of the whole country. I wasin Beijing's bidding for the Olympic Games. I was representing the ShanghaiExpo. I saw China embracing the world and vice versa. But then sometimes I'mthinking, what are today's young generation up to? How are they different, andwhat are the differences they are going to make to shape the future of China,or at large, the world?

几年以后，我决定来美国哥伦比亚大学继续深造，之后也开始运营自己的媒体公司，这也是我在职业生涯初始时所没有预料到的。我的公司做很多不同的业务，在过去这些年里，我访谈过一千多人。经常有年轻人对我说，“杨澜，你改变了我的人生”，我对此感到非常自豪。我也幸运的目睹了整个国家的转变：我参与了北京申奥和上海世博会。我看到中国在拥抱这个世界，而世界也进一步的接受中国。但有时我也在想，今天的年轻人的生活是什么样的?他们(与我们相比)有什么不同?他们将带给中国，甚至整个世界的未来一些怎样的变化?

So today I want to talk about young peoplethrough the platform of social media. First of all, who are they? [What] dothey look like? Well this is a girl called Guo Meimei -- 20 years old,beautiful. She showed off her expensive bags, clothes and car on her microblog,which is the Chinese version of Twitter. And she claimed to be the generalmanager of Red Croat the Chamber of Commerce. She didn't realize that shestepped on a sensitive nerve and aroused national questioning, almost aturmoil, against the credibility of Red Cross. The controversy was so heatedthat the Red Crohad to open a preconference to clarify it, and theinvestigation is going on.

So far, as of today, we know that sheherself made up that title -- probably because she feels proud to be associatedwith charity. All those expensive items were given to her as gifts by herboyfriend, who used to be a board member in a subdivision of Red Croat Chamberof Commerce. It's very complicated to explain. But anyway, the public stilldoesn't buy it. It is still boiling. It shows us a general mistrust ofgovernment or government-backed institutions, which lacked transparency in thepast. And also it showed us the power and the impact of social media asmicroblog.

我想通过社交媒体来谈一谈中国的年轻人们。首先，他们是谁，他们是什么样子?这是一位叫郭美美的女孩儿，20岁，年轻漂亮。她在中国版的Twitter上——新浪微博上，炫耀她所拥有的奢侈品，衣服，包和车。她甚至宣称她是中国红十字会的工作人员。她没有意识到她的行为触及了中国民众极为敏感的神经，这引发了一场全民大讨论，民众开始质疑红十字会的公信力。中国红十字会为了平息这场争议甚至举办了一场记者会来澄清，直至今日，对于”郭美美事件“的调查仍在继续，但我们所知道的事实是，她谎报了她的头衔，可能是因为她的虚荣心，希望把自己和慈善机构联系起来。所有那些奢侈品都是她的男朋友给她买的，而那位”男朋友“的确曾经是红十字会的工作人员。这解释起来很复杂，总之，公众对他们的解释仍然不满意，这仍然是在风口浪尖的一件事。这件事体现出(中国社会)对长期不透明的政府机关的不信任，同时也表现出社交媒体(微博)巨大的社会影响力。

Microblog boomed in the year of 2010, withvisitors doubled and time spent on it tripled. Swww.oh100.com, a major newsportal, alone has more than 140 million microbloggers. On Tencent, 200 million.The most popular blogger -- it's not me -- it's a movie star, and she has morethan 9.5 million followers, or fans. About 80 percent of those microbloggersare young people, under 30 years old. And because, as you know, the traditionalmedia is still heavily controlled by the government, social media offers anopening to let the steam out a little bit. But because you don't have many otheropenings, the heat coming out of this opening is sometimes very strong, activeand even violent.

微博在2010年得到了爆炸性的增长，微博的访问用户增长了一倍，用户的访问时间是09年的三倍。新浪(Swww.oh100.com)，一个最主要的微博平台，拥有1.4亿的微博用户，而腾讯拥有两亿用户。(在中国)最有名的微博主——不是我——是一位电影明星，她拥有近九百五十万”粉丝“。接近80%的微博用户是年轻人，三十岁以下。因为传统媒体还在政府的强力控制之下，社交媒体提供了一个开放的平台进行了一些(民众观点的)分流。因为这样分流的渠道并不多，从这个平台上爆发出的能量往往非常强烈，有时候甚至过于强烈。

So through microblogging, we are able tounderstand Chinese youth even better. So how are they different? First of all,most of them were born in the 80s and 90s, under the one-child policy. Andbecause of selected abortion by families who favored boys to girls, now we haveended up with 30 million more young men than women. That could pose a potentialdanger to the society, but who knows; we're in a globalized world, so they canlook for girlfriends from other countries. Most of them have fairly goodeducation. The illiteracy rate in China among this generation is under onepercent. In cities, 80 percent of kids go to college. But they are facing anaging China with a population above 65 years old coming up withseven-point-some percent this year, and about to be 15 percent by the year of2030. And you know we have the tradition that younger generations support theelders financially, and taking care of them when they're sick. So it meansyoung couples will have to support four parents who have a life expectancy of73 years old.

通过微博，我们可以更好的了解到中国的年轻一代。首先，他们中的大多数都出生在八零九零年代，在独生子女的生育政策的大背景下长大。因为偏好男孩的家庭会选择性的堕胎，现在(中国)的年轻男性的数量多过年轻女性三千万，这可能带来社会的不稳定(危险)，但是我们知道，在这个全球化的社会中，他们可能可以去其他国家找女朋友。大多数人都拥有良好的教育。这一代中国人中的文盲率已经低于1%。在城市中，80%的孩子可以上大学，但他们将要面对的是一个，有接近7%的人口都是老年人的社会，这个数字会在2030年会增长到15%。在这个国家，传统是让年轻人来从经济上和医疗上来支持老年人，这意味着，一对年轻的夫妻将需要支持四个平均年龄是73岁的老人。

So ma-ki-ng a living is not that easy foryoung people. College graduates are not in short supply. In urban areas,college graduates find the starting salary is about 400 U.S. dollars a month,while the average rent is above $500. So what do they do? They have to sharespace -- squeezed in very limited space to save money -- and they call themselves"tribe of ants." And for those who are ready to get married and buytheir apartment, they figured out they have to work for 30 to 40 years toafford their first apartment. That ratio in America would only cost a couplefive years to earn, but in China it's 30 to 40 years with the skyrocketing realestate price.

所以对于年轻人而言，生活并不是容易。本科毕业生也不在是紧缺资源。在城市中，本科生的月起薪通常是400美元(2500人民币)，而公寓的平均月租金却是500美元。所以他们的解决方式是合租——挤在有限的空间中以节省开支，他们叫自己”蚁族。“对于那些准备好结婚并希望购买一套公寓的中国年轻夫妇而言，他们发现他们必须要不间断的工作30到40年才可以负担得起一套公寓。对于同样的美国年轻夫妇而言，他们只需要五年时间。

Among the 200 million migrant workers, 60percent of them are young people. They find themselves sort of sandwichedbetween the urban areas and the rural areas. Most of them don't want to go backto the countryside, but they don't have the sense of belonging. They work forlonger hours with leincome, lesocial welfare. And they're more vulnerable tojob losses, subject to inflation, tightening loans from banks, appreciation ofthe renminbi, or decline of demand from Europe or America for the products theyproduce. Last year, though, an appalling incident in a southern OEMmanufacturing compound in China: 13 young workers in their late teens and early20s committed suicide, just one by one like causing a contagious disease. Butthey died because of all different personal reasons. But this whole incidentaroused a huge outcry from society about the isolation, both physical andmental, of these migrant workers.

在近两亿的涌入城市的农民工中，他们中的60%都是年轻人。他们发现自己被夹在了城市和农村中，大多数人不愿意回到农村，但他们在城市也找不到归属感。他们工作更长的时间却获得更少的薪水和社会福利。他们也更容易面临失业，受到通货膨胀，银行利率，人民币升值的影响，甚至美国和欧盟对于中国制造产品的抵制也会影响到他们。去年，在中国南方的一个制造工厂里，有十三位年轻的工人选择了结束自己的生命，一个接一个，像一场传染玻他们轻生的原因各有不同，但整个事件提醒了中国社会和政府，需要更多的关注这些在精神上和生理上都与外界脱节的年轻农民工人。

For those who do return back to thecountryside, they find themselves very welcome locally, because with theknowledge, skills and networks they have learned in the cities, with theassistance of the Internet, they're able to create more jobs, upgrade localagriculture and create new businein the ledeveloped market. So for the past fewyears, the coastal areas, they found themselves in a shortage of labor.

对于那些回到农村的年轻人，他们所经历的城市生活，所学到的知识，技巧和建立的社会网络，让他们通常更受欢迎。特别是在互联网的帮助下，他们更有可能获得工作，提升农村的农业水平和发展新的商业机会。在过去的一些年中，一些沿海的城镇甚至出现了劳动力短缺。

These diagrams show a more general socialbackground. The first one is the Engels coefficient, which explains that thecost of daily necessities has dropped its percentage all through the pastdecade, in terms of family income, to about 37-some percent. But then in thelast two years, it goes up again to 39 percent, indicating a rising livingcost. The Gini coefficient has already passed the dangerous line of 0.4. Nowit's 0.5 -- even worse than that in America -- showing us the incomeinequality. And so you see this whole society getting frustrated about losingsome of its mobility. And also, the bitterneand even resentment towards therich and the powerful is quite widespread. So any accusations of corruption orbackdoor dealings between authorities or businewould arouse a social outcry oreven unrest.

本文来源于百分网(http://www.oh100.com/)，转载请保留此标记，谢谢!这些图片展现出整体的社会背景。第一张图片是恩格斯系数(食品支出占总消费支出的比例)，可以看到在过去的十年中，食物和生活必需品在家庭消费中的比例有所下降(37%)，然后在过去的两年中，这项指数上升到39%，说明近两年中生活成本的攀升。基尼系数早已越过了危险的0.4，到达0.5——这甚至高过了美国——体现出极大的贫富差距，所以我们才看到整个社会的失衡。同时，“仇富心态”也开始在整个社会蔓延，任何与腐-败和走后门相关的政府或商业丑闻都会引发社会危机和不稳定。

So through some of the hottest topics onmicroblogging, we can see what young people care most about. Social justice andgovernment accountability runs the first in what they demand. For the pastdecade or so, a massive urbanization and development have let us witnea lot ofreports on the forced demolition of private property. And it has aroused hugeanger and frustration among our young generation. Sometimes people get killed,and sometimes people set themselves on fire to protest. So when these incidentsare reported more and more frequently on the Internet, people cry for thegovernment to take actions to stop this.

通过微博上很火的话题，我们可以看到年轻人的关注点。社会公正和政府的公信力是他们首要需求的。在过去的十年中，急速的城市化让民众读到太多强制私人住户拆迁的新闻，这引发了年轻一代的愤怒和不理解。有时候，被拆迁的住户以自杀和自-焚的方式来抗-议(强制拆迁行为)。当这些事件越来越常在互联网上被揭露出来，人们期待政府可以采取一些更积极的制止行动。

So the good news is that earlier this year,the state council passed a new regulation on house requisition and demolitionand passed the right to order forced demolition from local governments to thecourt. Similarly, many other issues concerning public safety is a hot topic onthe Internet. We heard about polluted air, polluted water, poisoned food. Andguewhat, we have faked beef. They have sorts of ingredients that you brush on apiece of chicken or fish, and it turns it to look like beef. And then lately,people are very concerned about cooking oil, because thousands of people havebeen found [refining] cooking oil from restaurant slop. So all these thingshave aroused a huge outcry from the Internet. And fortunately, we have seen thegovernment responding more timely and also more frequently to the publicconcerns.

好消息是，今年早些时候，人民代表大会通过了一项关于房屋征用和拆迁的新法规，将征用和拆迁的权利从当地政府移交到了法庭。相同的，很多其他与公共安全相关的问题也在互联网上被热烈讨论。我们听到有太多空气污染，水污染，有毒食品的报道。你甚至都想不到，我们还有假牛肉。人们用一种特殊的材料加入鸡肉和鱼肉中，然后以牛肉的价格进行出售。最近，人们对食用油也很担忧，大量的餐馆被发现在使用“地沟油“。所有这些事件引发了互联网上民众观点的大爆发。幸运的是，我们看到了政府正在更积极和更及时的对这些民众的质疑给予回应。

While young people seem to be very sureabout their participation in public policy-ma-ki-ng, but sometimes they're alittle bit lost in terms of what they want for their personal life. China issoon to pathe U.S. as the number one market for luxury brands -- that's notincluding the Chinese expenditures in Europe and elsewhere. But you know what,half of those consumers are earning a salary below 2,000 U.S. dollars. They'renot rich at all. They're taking those bags and clothes as a sense of identityand social status. And this is a girl explicitly saying on a TV dating showthat she would rather cry in a BMW than smile on a bicycle. But of course, wedo have young people who would still prefer to smile, whether in a BMW or [on]a bicycle.

一方面，年轻人越来越积极的参与到公共事务中;另一方面，他们也在寻找或者说迷失与个人生活的价值和定位。中国很快就要超过美国，成为世界上第一大奢侈品消费国——这还不包括中国人在国外的消费。但你知道吗，超过半数中国的奢侈品消费者的(年)收入都低于两千美元。他们其实并不富裕，他们用那些奢侈品牌的服装和包体现身份和社会地位。这是一位在电视节目上公然表明，自己宁愿在宝马车里哭也不坐在自行车后笑的年轻女孩。当然，我们也有更多的年轻人，喜欢微笑，不管是在宝马还是在自行车上。

So in the next picture, you see a verypopular phenomenon called "naked" wedding, or "naked"marriage. It does not mean they will wear nothing in the wedding, but it showsthat these young couples are ready to get married without a house, without acar, without a diamond ring and without a wedding banquet, to show theircommitment to true love. And also, people are doing good through social media.And the first picture showed us that a truck caging 500 homeleand kidnappeddogs for food processing was spotted and stopped on the highway with the wholecountry watching through microblogging. People were donating money, dog foodand offering volunteer work to stop that truck. And after hours of negotiation,500 dogs were rescued. And here also people are helping to find missing children.A father posted his son's picture onto the Internet. After thousands of[unclear], the child was found, and we witnessed the reunion of the familythrough microblogging.

在下一幅图中，你看到的是现在非常流行的”裸婚“，这并不代表这“裸露出席婚礼”，这体现的是年轻人愿意接受结婚不买房，不买车，不买钻戒，甚至不办婚宴的这个现实，作为对纯朴的真爱的致敬。但同时，人们也在通过社交媒体做一些善事。这副图片里，这辆车上装有500只被”绑架“来，准备被送去屠宰的狗，这辆车被网友们发现后，人们开始通过微博关注事态的进展，并且通过捐钱，捐食物和做义工来试图拦截该车。在几个小时的周旋后，这500条狗获救并被放生。有更多的人在通过微博寻找丢失的孩子。一位父亲将他失散的儿子的照片发布到微博上，在几千条”转发“之后，他的儿子被找到，家庭的团聚也在微博上被报道出来。

So happineis the most popular word we haveheard through the past two years. Happineis not only related to personalexperiences and personal values, but also, it's about the environment. Peopleare thinking about the following questions: Are we going to sacrifice ourenvironment further to produce higher GDP? How are we going to perform oursocial and political reform to keep pace with economic growth, to keepsustainability and stability? And also, how capable is the system ofself-correctneto keep more people content with all sorts of friction going onat the same time? I guethese are the questions people are going to answer. Andour younger generation are going to transform this country while at the sametime being transformed themselves.

“幸福(感)”是近两年中国的流行词汇。幸福感不仅仅与个人体验和价值观相关，更多的，它与环境息息相关。人们在思考：我们是否要牺牲环境来提升GDP?我们要怎样进行社会和政治体制的改革来应对经济的发展，保持稳定性和可持续性发展?同时，这个系统的自我修正能力是否足够强大，是否能够让生活在其中的人民接受在前进过程中的各种压力和困难?我想这些都是中国人民需要回答的问题，而中国的年轻一代将在改变这个国家的过程中也改变自己。

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