“小暑接大暑,热得无处躲”。《中国天文年历》显示,北京时间7月22日16时37分迎来“大暑”节气。“大暑”即大热,此时节热浪滚滚,酷暑难熬。《月令七十二候集解》中说:“大暑,六月中。暑,热也,就热之中分为大小,月初为小,月中为大,今则热气犹大也。”古人将大暑分为三候:“一候腐草为萤;二候土润溽暑;三候大雨时行。”大暑时,萤火虫卵化而出。古人认为,萤火虫乃腐草所变,萤火虫又名“烛宵”、“耀夜”,是大暑迎接立秋的诗意之虫,轻罗小扇扑流萤,萤火虫在静夜里穿梭时,其实凉爽的秋已经不远了。天气开始闷热,土地也很潮湿。溽是湿,大暑时,湿气浓重,湿热令人难耐。东汉刘熙的说:“暑是煮,火气在下, 骄阳在上,熏蒸其中为湿热,人如在蒸笼之中,气极脏,也就称‘龌龊热’。”。大暑时节,因湿气积聚而时常大雨滂沱,经常有大的雷雨。
Great Heat (dashu) falls on July 22 in the Gregorian calendar this year. As its name suggests, it ushers in a period much hotter than the Lesser Heat. Indeed, it heralds the dog days called futian in Chinese. To be more specific, the hottest periods of summer are usually divided into three periods: mid-July, late July to early August, and mid-August. During these three periods, the sunshine reaches its maximum, and plants and crops which favor high temperatures thrive. At the same time, meteorological disasters such as drought, floods, and windstorms occur frequently. As it’s sweltering during this period, most Chinese prefer eating cold food to stay cool although in some parts of China, people choose hot food to welcome this solar term. After Great Heat, autumn will quietly step in.今年阳历七月二十二日是大暑。正如它的名字所暗示的,它将迎来一个比小暑热得多的时期。事实上,它预示着“三伏天”的到来。更具体地说,夏季最热的时期通常分为三个时期:初伏、二伏和三伏。在这三个时期,日照达到最大值,有利于高温的植物和作物茁壮成长。同时,干旱、洪涝、风暴等气象灾害频繁发生。由于这段时间天气闷热,大多数中国人喜欢吃冷的食物来保持凉爽,尽管在中国的一些地方,人们选择热的食物来迎接这个节气。酷暑过后,秋天将悄然来临。
The weather is volatile after Great Heat, just as described in a poem: “It is sunny in the east while rainy in the west.” Thundershowers come frequently but on the brighter side, they can help to make it less stuffy.大暑过后,天气变化无常,正如一首诗中所描述的:“东边日出西边雨。”雷雨频繁出现,但在晴朗的一面,它们有助于减少闷热。
The glowworm is called fluorescent fire beetle in Chinese. There are aquatic ones and terrestrial ones. The latter prefer inhabiting warm and moist places such as living under grass, which is why the ancient Chinese thought they were born out of decayed grass. On a calm summer night, if glowworms are seen flying hither and thither, that’s a sign that the cool autumn is just around the corner.萤火虫在中国叫萤火虫。有水生的和陆生的。后者更喜欢居住在温暖潮湿的地方,比如生活在草丛下,这就是为什么古人认为它们是从腐烂的草中诞生的。在一个平静的夏夜,如果看到萤火虫到处飞来飞去,那就表明凉爽的秋天就要来临了。Jewelweed enjoys sunlight. It is a folk remedy known for its skin healing properties. The flowers are butterfly-like and colorful. Chinese people have nicknamed it “fingernail flower” as girls like to mash them up to color their fingernails. It is believed in traditional Chinese medicine that this fingernail dyeing method can reduce the internal heat of the human body and help people to stay calm during hot days.珍珠草喜欢阳光。它是一种民间药物,以其皮肤愈合特性而闻名。这些花像蝴蝶一样五彩缤纷。中国人给它起了个绰号叫“指甲花”,因为女孩子们喜欢把指甲花捣碎,给指甲上色。中医认为,这种指甲染色法可以降低人体内热,帮助人们在炎热的天气里保持冷静。To farmers, Great Heat is the perfect time to harvest rice. Though it’s suffocating to undertake farm work in the fields, farmers still need to race against time to ensure that every rice grain is returned to their barns.对农民来说,大暑是收割水稻的最佳时机。尽管在田里干农活令人窒息,但农民们仍然需要争分夺秒,确保每一粒稻谷都能回到谷仓。In the evening, when the heat in the air dies down a little, cool breezes brush people’s faces. After a busy day, people can relax and recuperate by the river, or under the tree, chatting with each other to enjoy the cool of the night and also to get prepared for another day.到了晚上,当空气中的热量稍微减弱时,凉风拂面而过。忙碌了一天之后,人们可以在河边或树下放松和休养,彼此聊天,享受夜晚的凉爽,也可以为新的一天做好准备。1. Gregorian calendar [ɡrɪˌɡɔːriən ˈkælɪndər] n.公历,阳历,格列高利历(自1582年以来西方国家使用的历法)详解见:《小暑至,盛夏始,祝夏安》
2. thrive [θraɪv] v.兴旺发达;繁荣;蓬勃发展;旺盛;茁壮成长thri (=tri ) 三(引申为多) + ive 动词后缀 → 兴旺New businesses thrive in this area.late July to early August 二伏4. meteorological [ˌmiːtiərəˈlɑːdʒɪkl] adj.气象学的meteorology + ic + al形容词后缀 → 气象学的meteorology [ˌmiːtiəˈrɑːlədʒi] n.气象学meteor 大气现象 + ology 学术名词后缀 → 气象学Earth sciences, meteorology and oceanography。It is against the spirit of meteorological forecasting research.5. swelter [ˈsweltər] v.热得难受Passengers sweltered in temperatures of over 90˚F.6. volatile [ˈvɑːlətl] adj.易变的;无定性的;无常性的;可能急剧波动的;不稳定的;易恶化的;易挥发的;易发散的剧烈波动的汇率
7. fluorescent [ˌflɔːˈresnt] adj.发荧光的;强烈反光的;发亮的词源:来自19世纪英国物理学家George Stokes, 因为他首先在氟中发现这种发光现象而命名,而并非荧光一定来自于氟。-escence, 开始的,词源同adolescence。a fluorescent lamp (= one that uses such a substance)8. around the corner [əˈraʊnd ðə ˈkɔːrnər] 在拐角处;即将发生;在附近My new place is just around the corner.9. beetle [ˈbiːtl] n.甲虫;“甲壳虫”小汽车(一款大众牌小汽车的英语名) v.快速移动A firefly is a type of beetle.10. aquatic [əˈkwɑːtɪk] adj.水生的;水栖的;水的;水中的;水上的 n.水生动植物;水上运动aqu 水 + atic 形容词后缀 → 水的;水中的词根 aqua,aqu,aque,aqui = water 水词根来源于拉丁语 aqua 水,词根aqu,aque,aqui 是词根 aqua 的变体,它相应的希腊语词根为:hydr(o) 水。助记:如果我们按音变规律理解的话,应当是aqu作为基本词根,其它是在这个词根的基础上,经过音变规律变化而来,即词根aqua,aque,aqui,aquo,全都是在词根aqu基础上加上元音字母引申而来,类似的词根也不少。aquarium [aqua 水 + -arium 名词后缀(两个a省略一个) → 有鱼有水的地方]aqueduct [aqua 水 + -duc(t)- 引导 → 引导水的管道 → ]aquiform [aqua 水 + -form (a.) 形式,形状 → 有小桥流水状的→ ]subaqueous [aqua 水 + sub- 下、-ous 形容词后缀 → 形容在水的下面的 → ]aquiferous [aqua 水 + -fer- 带有、-ous 形容词后缀 → 好像带有许多水的 →]aquaculture [aqua 水 + cult 养殖 + -ure 名词后缀 →]aquosity [aqu 水 + -osity 名词后缀]aquifer [aqui 水 + fer 携带 →携带水的东西 →]opaque [op- 不 + aque 水 →不像水一样透明]subaqua [sub- 在下面 + aqua 水 →]aquatic plants/life/ecosystems
11. terrestrial [təˈrestriəl] adj.陆地的;陆栖的;陆生的;地球的;地球上的;陆地上的,地面上的(与卫星相对而言) n.地球人;陆地生物 词源:在罗马神话中,大地女神被称为Tellus(忒勒斯)或Terra(特拉)。在一些与农业、丰产有关的祭祀活动中,大地女神常常被人和谷物女神刻瑞斯(Ceres)联系到一起甚至混为一谈。在拉丁语中,tellus或terra的意思就是“陆地”、“干地”(与“海洋”相对),源自原始印欧语词根ters-(干),等于英语单词land(陆地)。英语词根terr-/tellu-/tellur-就来源于此,表示陆地(land),与表示“地球”的词根geo-略有差异。在天文学专业领域中,人们一般用专业单词Tellus来表示“地球”,而非通俗单词earth。terr/-tellu-/tellur-:陆地,大地territory:['terɪt(ə)rɪ] n.领土、领地terrain:[təˈreɪn] n.地形、地势terrace:[ˈterəs] n. 平台;梯田;阳台terrestrial:[tə'restrɪəl] adj.地球的,陆地的,人间的n.陆地生物,地球上的人subterranean:[,sʌbtə'renɪən] adj. 地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的n. 地下工作者Mediterranean:[,mɛdətə'renɪən] n. 地中海adj. 地中海的inter:[ɪn'tə] vt. 埋;葬(入土)tellurian:[te'ljʊərɪən] adj.地球上的n.地球人Tellurium:[te'ljʊərɪəm] [化学] 碲(元素符号Te)12. hither and thither [ˈhɪðər ənd ˈðɪðər] 到处;四处;忽此忽彼;忽东忽西Refugees run hither and thither in search of safety.hither [ˈhɪðər] adv.到此处;向此地thither [ˈðɪðər] adv.到那里;向那里They have dragged themselves thither for shelter.13. dye [daɪ] v.给…染色;染 n.染料;染液She dyed her hair blonde.natural/chemical/vegetable dyes14. remedy [ˈremədi] n.处理方法;改进措施;补偿;疗法;治疗;药品;(通过法律程序的)解决方法,救济 v.改正;纠正;改进re 再次,表强调 + med 救治 + y 名词后缀 → 药品,治疗法There is no simple remedy for unemployment.15. suffocate [ˈsʌfəkeɪt] v.(使)窒息而死;(把…)闷死;让人感觉闷热;憋气suf 下 + foc 咽喉 + ate 动词后缀 → 咽喉向下 → (使)窒息The couple were suffocated by fumes from a faulty gas fire.16. barn [bɑːrn] n.谷仓;畜棚;简陋的大建筑物;(公共汽车、卡车等的)车库记忆:bar 木条 + n 门(象形)→ (形成)谷仓,畜棚词源:来自古英语bereærn,字面意思为“barley house”(存放大麦的库房),barley(大麦)是古代英国人最普遍的农作物。词组习语:Lock the barn door after the horse is stolen(亡羊补牢)