期刊导航 | Urban Studies文章精选(38-40)

为了更好地传播知识，推动期刊国际合作，本刊与 Urban Studies 杂志达成网络合作，不定期推送友刊的精选文章摘要。读者们可以借此了解国际城市研究的新动向，同时学习城市研究领域学术英文的正规表达。欢迎大家批评指正。

Transfer-based decentralisation, economic growth and spatial inequality: Evidence from China’s 2002–2003 tax sharing reform

基于转移支付的分权、经济增长与空间不平等：来自2002—2003年中国分税制改革的证据

Fan Fan（中国人民大学，中国）

Ming Li（宾夕法尼亚大学，美国）

Ran Tao（中国人民大学，中国）

Dali Yang（芝加哥大学，美国）

首次出版时间：2019/9/24｜研究论文

Abstract: China has adopted a transfer-based fiscal decentralisation scheme since the mid-1990s. In the 1994 tax sharing reform, the central government significantly raised its share of government revenue vis-à-vis local governments by taking most of the newly created value-added tax on manufacturing. One aim for the adoption of the transfer-based fiscal scheme was to channel more funds to less developed regions and rural areas, and to alleviate growing interregional inequality and urban–rural income disparity. In 2002 and 2003 the Chinese central government further grabbed 50% and 60%, respectively, of the income taxes previously assigned only to local governments while providing more fiscal transfers to the country’s poor regions and the countryside. Utilising the 2002–2003 change in China’s central–local tax sharing regime as an exogenous policy shock, we employ a Simulated Instrumental Variable approach to causally evaluate the effects of the policy shock on growth, interregional inequality and urban–rural disparity. We find the lower local tax share dis-incentivised local governments and led to lower growth. Although higher central transfers helped to reduce interregional inequalities in per capita GDP and per capita income, the equalising effects were only present for urban incomes. We argue that transfer-based decentralisation without bottom-up accountability was detrimental to economic growth and had limited impact on income redistribution.

摘要：自20世纪90年代中期以来，中国一直采用基于转移支付的财政分权方案。在1994年的分税制改革中，中央政府通过对制造业征收大部分新创造的增值税，大幅提高了相对于地方政府的政府收入份额。采用基于转移的财政方案的一个目的是将更多资金引入欠发达地区和农村地区，并缓解日益加剧的地区间不平等和城乡收入差距。2002年和2003年，中国中央政府进一步分别拿走了以前完全分配给地方政府的所得税的50%和60%，同时向贫困地区和农村提供了更多的财政转移支付。利用2002—2003年中国中央与地方税收分享制度的变化作为外生政策冲击，我们采用模拟工具变量方法，针对政策冲击对增长、地区间不平等和城乡不平等的影响进行因果评估。我们发现较低的地方税收份额削弱了地方政府的积极性，导致了较低的增长。虽然较高的中央转移有助于减少人均国内生产总值和人均收入的区域间不平等，但均衡效应只存在于城市收入。我们认为，没有自下而上问责制的基于转移的财政分权不利于经济增长，对收入再分配的影响有限。

Keywords: economic growth, income inequality, local accountability, transfer-based decentralisation

关键词：经济增长, 收入不平等, 地方问责制, 基于转移的财政分权

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019856780

Convivial encounters: Conditions for the urban social inclusion of people with intellectual and psychiatric disabilities

愉快互动：智力与精神残疾群体融入城市社会的条件 

Femmianne Bredewold（University of Humanistic Studies，荷兰）

Alke Haarsma（University of Applied Sciences Zwolle，荷兰）

Evelien Tonkens（University of Humanistic Studies，荷兰）

Marja Jager（University of Applied Sciences Viaa，荷兰）

首次出版时间：2019/9/25 ｜ 研究论文

Abstract: Recent work has pointed to the importance for their social inclusion of convivial encounters between people with and without disabilities, but little is known about the spatial and social conditions of the places that encourage these encounters. This paper is concerned with public places that are conducive for convivial encounters between people with and without disabilities. Drawing on extensive participative observations of four community projects and 78 interviews with people visiting or working at these projects we investigated which elements in these places encourage ‘strangers’ to move frommerely co-presence to conviviality. Three conditions seem to be conducive, namely: (1) a shared purpose, (2) built-in boundaries, (3) freedom to (dis)engage. These conditions were beneficial for convivial encounters, but do not lead to friendship or long-term support. People engage in such contact because they can be sure that these contacts do not raise expectations oflong-term support or friendship.

摘要：最近的研究表明，残疾人和非残疾人之间的愉快互动对残疾人融入社会至关重要，但人们对促进这种互动的场所应有的空间和社交条件知之甚少。本文探讨怎样的公共场所有利于残疾人和非残疾人之间的友好交往。基于对四个社区项目的广泛参与性观察和对这些项目来访者和工作人员的78次访谈，我们研究了这些地方的哪些因素能促进“陌生人”之间从仅仅共处走向愉快互动。三个条件似乎是有利的，即：(1)共同的目标，(2)内在的界限，(3)参与/不参与的自由。这些条件有利于愉快的相遇，但不会促成友谊或长期支持。人们进行这样的接触是因为他们可以确信这些接触不会造成对长期支持或友谊的期待。

Keywords: cohesion, community, deinstitutionalisation, diversity, neighbourhood, people with disabilities, politics, public space, segregation

关键词：凝聚力, 社区, 非制度化, 多样性, 街区, 残疾人, 政治, 公共空间, 隔离

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019869838

Lively cities made in sound: A study of the sonic sensibilities of listening and hearing in Wollongong, New South Wales

有声的热闹城市：新南威尔士州卧龙岗聆听和听觉的声音敏感性的研究

Gordon Waitt（卧龙岗大学，澳大利亚）

Ian Buchanan（卧龙岗大学，澳大利亚）

Michelle Duffy（纽尔斯卡大学，澳大利亚）

首次出版时间：2019/10/14｜研究论文

Abstract: This paper seeks to better understand the lively city with reference to recent analysis of sonic affects, bodily sensations and emotions. The notion of ‘hearing contacts’, as it is usually deployed in discussion of the lively city, emphasises the social interactions with other people in a rather narrow anthropocentric way. Yet, it overlooks the diversity of felt and affective dimensions of city sounds. This paper takes up this challenge by bringing Deleuze and Guattari’s notion of territory into conversation with Greimas’s semiotic square. In doing so, this paper offers a compelling theoretical framework to better understand the sonic sensibilities of listening and hearing to provide a clearer sense of how people decide to attach specific meanings to sound, and which ones they do not. The paper first reviews various theoretical approaches to sound and the city. Next, the paper turns to an ethnographic account of sound and city-centre urban life recently conducted in Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. This research seeks to better understand the ways bodily dispositions to sonic affects, materials and cultural norms helped participants territorialise the city centre, distinguishing ‘energeticbuzz’, ‘dead noise’, ‘dead quiet’ and ‘quiet calm’.

摘要：本文试图通过最近对声音影响、身体感觉和情感的分析来更好地理解热闹的城市。“听觉接触”的概念通常用于讨论热闹的城市，强调以一种相当狭隘的人类学方式与他人进行社会互动。然而，它忽略了城市声音的感觉和情感维度的多样性。通过将德勒兹（Deleuze）和瓜塔里（Guattari）的领土概念与格雷马斯（Greimas）的符号广场概念相结合，本文迎接这一挑战。藉此，本文提供了一个令人信服的理论框架，以更好地理解聆听和听觉的声音敏感性，从而更清楚地了解人们如何决定赋予声音某些特定的含义，以及不赋予声音某些特定的含义。本文首先回顾了看待声音和城市的各种理论方法。接下来，本文转而讨论最近在澳大利亚新南威尔士州卧龙岗进行的关于健全的、以城市为中心的城市生活的人类学描述。这项研究区分“精力充沛的嗡嗡声”、“死噪音”、“死安静”和“安静的平静”，以更好地理解身体对声音影响、材料和文化规范的处置如何帮助参与者将城市中心领土化。

Keywords: Australia, semiotic square, sound diaries, territorialisation 

关键词：澳大利亚, 符号广场, 声音日记, 领土化

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019871170

Persistence and cyclical dynamics of US and UK house prices: Evidence from over 150 years of data

美国和英国房价的持续性和周期性动态：基于150多年数据的实证研究

Giorgio Canarella（内华达大学拉斯维加斯校区，美国）

Luis Gil-Alana（纳瓦拉大学，西班牙）

Rangan Gupta（比勒陀利亚大学，南非）

Stephen M Miller（内华达大学拉斯维加斯校区，美国）

首次出版时间：2019/10/14 ｜研究论文

Abstract: This paper provides a new and unique look at the dynamics and persistence of historical house prices in the USA and the UK using fractional integration techniques not previously applied to housing markets. Unlike previous research, we consider two components of persistence of house prices: the component associated with the long-run trend and the component associated with the cycle. We find evidence of cyclical and long-run persistence in the UK housing markets. In contrast, we fail to find evidence of cyclical persistence for the USA. For the sub-samples, which account for a structural break in each series, an important difference is the asynchronous pattern of the breaks, an indication of heterogeneity in the house price dynamics of the two countries and a sign that national rather than global events have played an important role. Although the house price movements of the last decade are dramatic, the greatest structural changes in the overall nominal and real price dynamics of the UK and the USA appear to have taken place much earlier, in the late 1970s and early 1980s in the UK and in the mid-1950s and early 1970s in the USA. An important result, common to the whole and sub-samples, is that long-run persistence plays a greater role than cyclical persistence in explaining the dynamics of house prices in both countries. These findings have substantial implications for policy decisions.

摘要： 本文使用以前没有应用于住房市场的分数次积分技术，对美国和英国历史房价的动态和持续性提供了一个新的独特视角。与之前的研究不同，我们考虑了房价持续性的两个组成部分：与长期趋势相关的组成部分和与周期相关的组成部分。我们发现了英国房地产市场周期性和长期持续性的证据。相比之下，我们没有发现美国周期持续性的证据。对于每个系列中构成结构性突变的子样本，一个重要的区别是突变的异步模式，这是两国房价动态异质性的标志，也是国家而非全球事件发挥了重要作用的标志。尽管过去十年的房价变动十分剧烈，但英国和美国整体名义和实际价格动态的最大结构性变化似乎发生得早得多，英国发生在20世纪70年代末和80年代初，美国发生在20世纪50年代中期和70年代初。一个重要的结果是，在解释这两个国家的房价动态时，长期持续性比周期持续性发挥更大的作用，这在整个样本和子样本中都很常见。这些发现对政策决策有重大意义。

Keywords: cyclical behaviour, house prices, fractional integration, persistence

关键词：周期性行为, 房价, 分数次积分, 持续性

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019872691

Settlement scaling theory: Bridging the study of ancient and contemporary urban systems

住区规模理论：联系古代和当代城市系统的研究

Jose Lobo（亚利桑那州立大学，美国）

Luis MA Bettencourt（芝加哥大学，美国）

Michael E Smith（亚利桑那州立大学，美国）

Scott Ortman（科罗拉多大学波德分校，美国）

首次出版时间：2019/10/17 ｜研究论文

Abstract: A general explanatory framework for the social processes underpinning urbanisation should account for empirical regularities that are shared among contemporary urban systems and ancient settlement systems known throughout archaeology and history. The identification of such shared properties has been facilitated by research traditions in each field that define cities and settlements as areas that capture networks of social interaction embedded in space. Using Settlement Scaling Theory (SST) – a set of hypotheses and mathematical relationships that together generate predictions for how measurable quantitative attributes of settlements are related to their population size – we show that aggregate properties of ancient settlement systems and contemporary metropolitan systems scale up in similar ways across time, geography and culture. Settlement scaling theory thus provides a unified framework for understanding and predicting these regularities across time and space, and for identifying putative processes common to all human settlements.

摘要：支撑城市化的社会过程的一般解释框架应该考虑到在考古学和历史学中已知的当代城市系统和古代住区系统之间共同的经验规律。这些共同特征的确定得益于一些存在于每个领域的研究传统，这些传统将城市和住区定义为包含了嵌入空间的社会互动网络的区域。住区规模理论(SST)是一组假设和数学关系，其共同产生了住区可测量的数量属性与其人口规模之间关系的预测。应用该理论，我们表明古代住区体系和当代大都市体系的总体属性在时间、地理和文化上以相似的方式扩大。因此，住区规模理论提供了一个统一的框架来理解和预测这些跨时间和空间的规律，并确定所有人类住区共有的假定过程。

Keywords: cities, comparative urbanism, data, pre-moderncities, settlement scaling

关键词：城市, 比较城市化, 数据, 前现代城市, 住区规模

原文地址：https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019873796

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