经过检索我们发现,美国版权法本身实际上也没有《中美经济贸易协议》第1.29条这样的规定(英文原文): provide for a legal presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the person whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer, or publisher of the work, performance, or phonogram in the usual manner is the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogramand that the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter。 那么,“presumption that the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter”的规定,究竟源自哪里呢?据本文作者粗略考查,起码有以下几个地方也存在这样的规定:
4.1 美国与部分国家签署的自由贸易协定
比如,2001年生效的美国-约旦自由贸易协定(Agreement between the UnitedStates of America and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan on the Establishment of aFree Trade Area)[1]第27条规定,在民事案件的审理中,应该允许两个推定:第一,如果没有相反证据,根据署名推定出权利人;第二,如果没有相反证据,推定在(原告主张的)客体上存在著作权,但是这个推定与署名无关。 27. In civil cases involving copyright or related rights, each Party shall provide that the natural person or legal entity whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer or publisher of the work, performance or phonogram in the usual manner shall,in the absence of proof to the contrary, be presumed to be the designated right holder in such work, performance or phonogram. It shall be presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter【如果没有相反证据,应该推定在上述客体中存在版权或相关权利】. 再比如,在2004年生效的美国-智利自由贸易协定中有关知识产权的第十七章[2]第17.11条知识产权执法(Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights)条款中也有类似的规定: 6. In civil, administrative, and criminal proceedings involving copyright or related rights, each Party shall provide that: (a) the natural person or legal entity whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer, or publisher of the work, performance, or phonogram in the usual manner, shall, in the absence of proof to the contrary, be presumed to be the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogram. (b) it shall be presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter. A Party may require, as a condition for according such presumption of subsistence, that the work appear on its face to be original and that it bear a publication date not more than 70 years prior to the date of the alleged infringement.
4.2 《反假冒贸易协定(ACTA)》的
草案文本
在EFF(Electronic Frontier Foundation)基金会发布的一份有关ACTA谈判的文本中[3]也出现过这样的规定: 3. In civil, administrative, and criminal proceedings involving copyright or related rights, each Party shall provide for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the person whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer, or publisher of the work, performance, or phonogram in the usual manner is the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogram. Each Party shall also provide for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the copyright orrelated right subsists in such subject matter.
4.3 《跨太平洋战略经济伙伴协定(TPP)》
草案以及最后文本
在TPP谈判过程中,流传到网上的2015年5月11日的TPP谈判知识产权组所草拟的“知识产权章(section H)”中[4],也有两个类似的推定规则: ArticleQQ.H.2: {Presumptions} 1. In civil, criminal, and if applicable, administrative proceedings involving copyright or related rights, each Party shall provide: (a) for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the person whose name is indicated in the usual manner as the author, performer, producer of the work, performance, or phonogram, or as applicable, the publisher is the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogram; and (b) for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary the copyright or related right subsist in such subject matter. 在最后缔结的正式文本中,[5]其中关于知识产权的第18章第18.72条,基本上和上述草案文本没有差异: ConsolidatedTPP Text – Chapter 18 – Intellectual Property, Article18.72: Presumptions 1. In civil, criminal and, if applicable, administrative proceedings involving copyright or related rights, each Party shall provide for a presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary: (a) the personwhose name is indicated in the usual manner as the author, performer or producer of the work, performance or phonogram, or if applicable the publisher, is the designated right holder in that work, performance or phonogram; and (b) the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter. 这个(b)项推定的意思就是:如果没有相反证据,著作权或相关权存在于这样的客体(作品、表演、录音制品)中。要证明一个作品是否可以享有著作权,从举证责任分配来看,确实,不需要原告提供证明自己的作品享有著作权的证据,相反,被告应该提出相反的证据(如,在原告主张的作品产生之前存在同样的作品),如果没有相反的证据,就可以推定原告主张的作品享有著作权。这样的规则当然也是合乎逻辑的,并没有太不合理的地方。但是,这里的推定,显然与“署名”无关。与“署名”有关的推定只是规定在(a)项推定中。
如果我们把第1.29条第1款(a)项的规定稍微改变一下排版的形式的话,它其实就包括这样两个平行的不同性质的推定: In civil, administrative, and criminal proceedings involving copyright or related rights, the Parties shall provide for a legal presumption (1)that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, the person whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer, or publisher of the work, performance, or phonogram in the usual manner is the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogram and (2)that the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter. 不过,我们把这个文本与上述其他类似的规定(如,前文的TPP草案文本)相比较一下,确实会发现一个明显的差异:在第(2)个that后面的“权利存在推定”规则中,没有另外专门加上“相反证据(proof to the contrary)”的例外。 这样的话,从语句前后意思来看,根据初步证据得出的“权利存在”的推定,就变成无法推翻的绝对定论了,而这显然并非这个推定规则所期望出现的结果。于是,为了避免出现这样的结果,中文签字文本的翻译就不得不把“权利存在推定”与前面的“权利人推定”中的“相反证据”联系起来了,接着,又当然地以为“权利推定”是前面“依据署名推定权利人”的自然延伸,误以为依据署名的事实也一样可以做出“权利存在”的推定,殊不知,“权利存在”推定与“署名”其实是完全没有关系的。本文认为,这就是《中美经济贸易协议(POTA)》第1.29条以及后来的《著作权法》第十二条第一款中出现令人困惑的“且该作品上存在相应权利”的真正缘由。说穿了,这就是一个中文文本误解了英文原意的“翻译事故”罢了。背后真正的原因还是在于主事者缺乏对知识产权国际规则的准确理解和把握。 其实,如果把第1.29条第1款(a)项规定的英文签字本文中的表述稍微调整一下,只需要删除and后面的that,然后以a legal presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary用来统领两个推定,我们就会发现:该规定与TPP的规定是完全一样的!即: In civil, administrative, and criminal proceedings involving copyright or related rights, the Parties shall provide for a legal presumption that, in the absence of proof to the contrary, (1)the person whose name is indicated as the author, producer, performer, or publisher of the work, performance, or phonogram in the usual manner is the designated right holder in such work, performance, or phonogram and (2)the copyright or related right subsists in such subject matter. 如果这是《中美经济贸易协议(POTA)》第1.29条真正想要表达的意思的话,那么,本文认为,中文签字文本应该作如下翻译(下表右栏),意思才会更清晰和准确: