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《柳叶刀》最新综述 | 中国基层医疗卫生服务质量:挑战与建议

柳叶刀 柳叶刀TheLancet 2021-04-25


《柳叶刀》(The Lancet)6月6日发表综述文章,由国家心血管病中心中国医学科学院阜外医院等国内外机构研究团队联合完成。文章从人力资源、信息技术、支付方式、服务整合和机构协同等方面,系统分析了中国基层医疗卫生机构的服务质量面临的挑战,并提出针对性建议。柳叶刀微信公众号邀请作者团队为读者带来文章8个关键信息解读。


识别二维码阅读《柳叶刀》2020年6月6日刊






8个关键信息



中国基层医疗卫生体系中服务质量的提升仍有较大空间,不能适应与人民群众增长的健康需求。



2009年新一轮医改以来,中国已出台了一系列政策,以强化基层医疗卫生服务在整个医疗卫生体系中的作用,同期政府对基层卫生机构的投入增加了10倍。[1-3]中国基层医疗卫生机构的功能包括提供全科诊疗服务和实施国家基本公共卫生服务,而既往研究显示其服务质量仍有较大的提升空间。[3,4]其中,基层医务人员对心绞痛和痢疾等的诊断准确性不高[5],抗生素和降压药物等的不规范使用较为普遍[6-8],高血压[10-12]和糖尿病[13-15]等的知晓、治疗和控制情况仍不尽如人意。



基层医疗卫生体系中存在的问题包括:医务人员的教育和培训机会不足;“按服务付费”的模式刺激了临床诊疗和公共卫生服务之间,以及各类医疗卫生机构之间整合不够;整个医疗卫生体系内的服务缺乏连贯性。



其中:1、社区卫生服务中心和乡镇卫生院的基层医生中仍分别有25%和42%达不到医学大专学历[16],而在职继续医学教育的覆盖率和接受度不高[3];2、一些基层机构通过增加输液、检查和住院等提高收入,同时医务人员的收入也主要取决于其提供的医疗服务数量[3];3、费用支付、信息交互等方面的问题限制了机构间的协同,而经费来源、监管考评的分离影响了临床诊疗和公共卫生服务之间的整合[17-19];4、患者的基层首诊还未形成固定的合同关系,居民健康档案信息尚未发挥支持生命全程管理的作用,各级医疗机构的独立运营给分工合作带来困难。[3,20]



除了全科医生教育之外,中国·应当考虑为现有基层医务人员量身定制适宜的继续教育项目,其中在线平台能够覆盖大量受众,并根据其能力特点调整培训方案。



一方面,在全科医生教育中,政府亟需监督各医学院校的培养质量以确保同质性,注重培养新一代的师资队伍和领军人才,并考虑设定医学生中全科医学研究生培养的比例[21];教育机构需要拓展医学生接触和了解基层的机会,加强他们参与多专业团队工作和医患沟通的能力[22]。另一方面,教育机构应当为现有基层医务人员量身定制适宜的继续教育项目,应用在线平台等形式覆盖大量受众,并根据其能力特点调整培训方案;政府应当完善对基层医务人员参加继续教育和其他在职培训项目的激励机制。此外,还可以探索借助“执业护士”等形式肯定并强化医生以外的基层医务人员的作用。[23]



在基层,应当从费用支付、指南推荐、绩效考核等方面充分整合临床诊疗和公共卫生服务,以发挥健康管理中的协同作用。



首先,可以考虑将公共卫生服务经费与社会医保资金绑定在一起,共同覆盖健康促进、疾病预防和临床诊疗的支出[24];其次,让国家疾病预防控制中心和相关专业的国家医学中心共同参与基本公共卫生服务的任务界定、规范制定和绩效评估。第三,让地方疾病预防控制中心与中心医院联合起来共同负责指导和监督基本公共卫生服务项目实施;第四,可以在目前基本公共卫生服务对基层机构的绩效考评中纳入临床相关的用药合理性等诊疗过程指标和专病发病率等诊疗结局指标。这些将推动医疗卫生体系“守门人”在健康管理中发挥医防融合的协同作用。



可以通过基于人群的按人付费机制,以及能将各机构的不同能力与人群的多样化需求相匹配的信息技术平台,鼓励基层医疗卫生机构与医院诊疗相互协同。



首先要将医保分别的“根据服务量付费”方式,转变为整合式的“按人付费”方式,允许各级医疗机构对个人医保账户每年的结余共同进行再次分配,激励它们作为一个整体开展围绕个人的健康管理,在加大对疾病预防和健康促进的同时把基本诊疗留在基层机构完成。其次,采用集中部署方式建立基层诊疗信息体系,通过区域人口健康数据平台,实现针对个人的信息汇聚和机构之间的信息共享。这些不仅可以提高高血压之类的慢病防控效果和效率,还在抗击2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)等新发传染病的过程中发挥了优化医疗资源的作用。



应当针对基层医疗卫生体系,建立基于全面指标、可靠数据和深入分析的绩效评价,以及经济和非经济的激励机制。



一方面要建立覆盖医疗过程和结局的全面指标、来自诊疗实践和行政管理等渠道的可靠数据,以及考虑患者治疗适用性和风险差异的深入分析;另一方面要形成包括医保差异化支付等经济激励方式和公众开放监督等非经济激励手段的质量促进机制。通过这些手段,强化机构责任意识,促进医患关系和信任,从而推动质量的改善。在这一过程中,国家卫生健康委和医疗保障局等主管部门可以考虑加强医疗质量管理机构的能力,可以选择从高血压等非传染性疾病的管理开始入手。



基层医疗卫生体系应当逐步转变成一个基于数字化信息和创新性技术的学习型平台,特别是在人员培训、决策辅助和质量控制方面发挥更大的作用。



首先,应当面对基层医疗卫生机构,建成广泛可及、标准通用、服务整合、双向联通的居民健康档案和电子病历系统。然后,应当研发评价基于互联网的在职技能培训工具、基于人工智能的诊疗辅助决策工具、建立基于大数据的诊疗质量评价和反馈工具,发挥创新信息技术的作用。接下来,可以通过及时分析,对诊疗质量的现况、策略效果的比较,以及影响治疗的原因提供新的发现和知识。这将推动对整个基层医疗卫生体系和其中每一个机构与人员工作的持续性评价和针对性改善。



在COVID-19防控中,基层医疗卫生体系能够与当地医院和疾控中心有效配合,在患者筛查、分诊和管理方面发挥重要的作用。



90%的社区卫生服务中心和92%的乡镇卫生院在疫情期间承担了发热筛查等方面工作[25]。他们可以将患者转诊到专科医院或方舱医院,以避免就诊的过度拥挤,让这些医院可以集中资源救治重症患者。同时,数字化技术的应用和平台的建设强化了基层医疗卫生服务的作用,包括在线预约、互联网医疗、送药上门等服务模式有效确保了在疫情期间能够为其他疾病患者提供所需的诊疗服务[26]END


通讯作者单位介绍


中国医学科学院阜外医院是全球最大的心血管病诊疗中心,也是该领域医教研防的“国家队”。2009年国家心血管病中心成立,进一步确立其预防和治疗心血管疾病的研究、培训和教育的全国性领导机构和国家工作平台的地位。阜外医院国家临床医学研究中心团队始终坚持“努力实现由单纯性医疗中心向医学中心转变,把心血管病防治的主战场由医院转向社区”的建设定位,近年来从医院诊疗质量改善和基层防控能力建设方面产出一系列重要成果,为医改提供了可靠数据和证据支撑。


We declare no competing interests.


Xi Li*, Harlan M Krumholz*, Winnie Yip*, Kar Keung Cheng, Jan De Maeseneer, Qingyue Meng, Elias Mossialos, Chuang Li, Jiapeng Lu, Meng Su, Qiuli Zhang, Dong Roman Xu, Liming Li, Sharon-Lise T Normand, Richard Peto, Jing Li, Zengwu Wang, Hongbing Yan, Runlin Gao, Somsak Chunharas, Xin Gao, Raniero Guerra, Huijie Ji, Yang Ke, Zhigang Pan, Xianping Wu, Shuiyuan Xiao, Xinying Xie, Yujuan Zhang, Jun Zhu, Shanzhu Zhu, Shengshou Hu

*Contributed equally


National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China (X Li PhD, J Lu PhD, M Su PhD, Q Zhang PhD, Prof J Li MD, Prof Z Wang MD, Prof H Yan MD, Prof R Gao MD, Prof S Hu MD); Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, China (X Li PhD, J Lu PhD, Prof J Li MD, Prof H Yan MD, Prof S Hu MD); Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale  school of Medicine and the Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof H M Krumholz MD); Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA (Prof H M Krumholz MD); Department of Global Health and Population (Prof W Yip PhD) and Department of Biostatistics (Prof S-L T Normand PhD), Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (Prof S-L T Normand PhD); Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK (Prof K K Cheng FMedSci); General Practice Development and Research Center (Prof K K Cheng), School of Oncology (Prof Y Ke MSc), and School of Public Health (Prof Q Meng PhD, Prof L Li MD), Peking University ealth Science Center, Beijing, China; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, center of Family Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (Prof J De Maeseneer PhD); Department of Health Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof E A Mossialos PhD); Health Commission of Shenzhen Municipality, Shenzhen, China (C Li MPH); Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK (Q Zhang PhD); Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-sen University School of Public Health, and Institute of State Governance, Guangzhou, China (Prof D R Xu PhD); Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (Prof R Peto FRS); National Health Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand (S Chunharas); Xizhuangzi Village Clinic, Jinchang, China (X Gao); Director General Office, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland (Prof R Guerra MD); Yaojia Township Primary Care Clinic, Zhengzhou, China (H Ji); Department of General Practice, Zhongshan Hospital of Shanghai Medical College Fudan University, Shanghai, China (Prof Z Pan MD, Prof S Zhu MD); Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China (Prof X Wu MD); Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China (Prof S Xiao MD); Health Commission of Yunnan Province, Kumming, China (X Xie MB); Jijie Township Primary Care Clinic, Gejiu, China (Y Zhang); and National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance of China, Department of Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China (Prof J Zhu MSc) 

Correspondence to: Prof Shengshou Hu, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, China

huss@fuwaihospital.org


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题图:Coyright©Shutterstock/ junrong

*中文翻译仅供参考,所有内容以英文原文为准。


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《柳叶刀》(The Lancet于2020年6月6日发表综述文章《中国基层医疗卫生服务质量:挑战与建议》,由国家心血管病中心中国医学科学院阜外医院等国内外机构研究团队合作完成。《柳叶刀》将于2020年6月17日晚19:30-21:30举行在线直播研讨会,邀请大家一同讨论基层医疗的相关问题。


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