首例女性艾滋病治愈者诞生!如何地道翻译“侥幸”?| 外刊双语解析
2月15日,在美国丹佛举行的第29届逆转录病毒和机会性感染会议(CROI)上,来自威尔·康奈尔医学院的研究团队报告:纽约一名感染艾滋病毒(HIV)且患有急性髓系白血病(AML)的女性在接受了来自对HIV具有自然抵抗力供体的脐带血干细胞移植后,成为迄今为止全球第三位艾滋病治愈者以及全球首例女性艾滋病治愈者。
学习要点
“白血病”、“干细胞”、“骨髓移植”怎么说
“侥幸”的地道英文表达
不同科室医生的英文表达
带着问题去精读
*文章来源:The New York Times
*本文中原文及部分例句翻译均采用机翻+译介译后编辑团队完成,仅供参考。不当之处欢迎大家在评论区讨论。
*机翻平台:DeepL
1
精读原文
A Woman Is Cured of H.I.V. Using a Novel Treatment
一名女性HIV感染者通过新疗法治愈
A woman of mixed race appears to be the third person ever to be cured of H.I.V., using a new transplant method involving umbilical cord blood that opens up the possibility of curing more people of diverse racial backgrounds than was previously possible, scientists announced on Tuesday.
科学家周二宣布,一名混血女性可能是迄今为止第三位被治愈的HIV患者,她接受了一种涉及脐带血的新移植方法,为治愈更多不同种族背景的人提供了可能性。
📒精读解析:
本段为一个长句,to be cured of H.I.V. 为不定式作 the third person 的后置定语,using a new transplant method 是方式状语,involving umbilical cord blood 为现在分词作 method 的后置定语,后跟 that 引导的定语从句修饰 umbilical cord blood。从句中的 than 后面可以理解为省略了 what,可以恢复为 the possibility of curing more people than (what) was previously possible (to be cured),这里的 what 指代 the number of people that。
No.1
H.I.V.
全称为 Human Immunodeficiency Virus 人体免疫缺乏症病毒
“艾滋病”的英文缩写为 AIDS,全称 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 获得性免疫缺陷综合征。
H.I.V. 和 AIDS 的关系是,后者是由于感染了前者病毒导致的一种传染性疾病。
No.2
novel adj. /ˈnɒvl/
我们都知道 novel 指“小说”。但在此处,novel 为形容词,表示 different from anything known before; new, interesting and often seeming slightly strange 新颖的;与众不同的;珍奇的
novel 常用于科技和学术文本中,表示“新型的;新颖的”。
例句:
While the technology itself was novel, how it would function in the real-world was less obvious. 虽然这项技术本身很新颖,但它在现实世界中的作用却不那么明显。
No.3
umbilical cord n. /ʌmˌbɪlɪkl ˈkɔːd/
指“脐带”
umbilical 可以比喻一种像脐带一样的(连接)
例句:
Umbilical connections to the Ariane allow engineers to talk to the spacecraft even though they are closed inside the top of the rocket. 通过与阿丽亚娜火箭的脐带连接,工程师可以在火箭顶部封闭的情况下与航天器进行交流。
破产姐妹 第四季 第3集
2
精读原文
Cord blood is more widely available than the adult stem cells used in the bone marrow transplants that cured the previous two patients, and it does not need to be matched as closely to the recipient. Most donors in registries are of Caucasian origin, so allowing for only a partial match has the potential to cure dozens of Americans who have both H.I.V. and cancer each year, scientists said.
与前两位治愈患者骨髓移植所使用的成体干细胞相比,脐带血更容易获得,而且脐带血不需要与接受者匹配得那么紧密。科学家们说,大多数登记在册的捐赠者都是白种人,因此在容许部分匹配的情况下,有可能每年可以治愈几十名同时患有HIV和癌症的美国人。
📒精读解析
第一句包括由 and 连接的两个分句,第二个分句的主语 it 指代 cord blood。第二句 so 引导的结果状语从句中,主语部分为 allowing for only a partial match。
No.1
stem cell
stem cell 指“干细胞”,我们可以根据 stem 的意思来理解“干细胞”的功能。stem 作动词表示 to be caused originally by something 起源于,作名词表示 the thin, upright part on which the flowers and leaves grow 茎,梗。
那么动物体内的 stem cell 是指具有自我更新能力的精原细胞或卵原细胞,人体的各种细胞都由干细胞发育而来。
干细胞可分为胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cell)和成体干细胞(adult stem cell )。
例句:
WHO’s problems stem from the fact that it has not changed with the times. 世卫组织的问题源于它没有随时代而改变。
No.2
bone marrow n. /ˈbəʊn mærəʊ/
指“骨髓”。
marrow 可以比喻 the most important and basic part of something 精华; 精髓; 核心
例句:
We’re getting into the marrow of the film. 我们就要进入这部电影最精彩的部分了。
我们平时吃的西葫芦,英文名字也是 marrow
No.3
recipient n. /rɪˈsɪpiənt/
a person who receives sth 受方;接受者
例句:
Gift certificates are personalized with both the recipient and giver names. 礼品券上标明了获得者和赠与人的名字。
Each recipient of the award has demonstrated their innovative approaches to public service and improving communities. 该奖项的每一位获奖者都展示了他们在公共服务和改善社区方面的创新方法。
3
精读原文
The woman, who also had leukemia, received cord blood to treat her cancer. It came from a partially matched donor, instead of the typical practice of finding a bone marrow donor of similar race and ethnicity to the patient’s. She also received blood from a close relative to give her body temporary immune defenses while the transplant took.
这位女士同时患有白血病,她接受了脐带血来治疗癌症。和传统的做法不同,脐带血来自一个与她部分匹配的捐赠者,而非种族和民族都与她近似的骨髓捐赠者。在移植过程中,她还接受了一位近亲的血液,以便在移植起作用的过程中为她的身体提供临时的免疫防御。
📒精读解析:
No.1
leukemia n. /luːˈkiːmɪə/
也写作 leukaemia,指“白血病”。
No.2
ethnicity n. /eθˈnɪsəti/
the fact of belonging to a particular race 种族渊源;种族特点。它的形容词形式为 ethnic,表示“民族的;种族的”
如:ethnic minorities 少数民族;ethnic groups 族群;ethnic clothes/jewelry/cooking 具有民族特色的服装/珠宝首饰/烹调
我们再区分一下和这个词长的比较像的 ethic 和 ethical
ethic 为名词,复数形式为 ethics,指“道德准则;伦理标准”,形容词 ethical 表示“有关道德的;伦理的;合乎道德的”。
例句:
Is it ethical to promote cigarettes through advertising? 通过广告推销香烟合乎道德吗?
No.3
take v.
熟词僻义,这里的 take 为不及物动词,表示 to be successful; to work 成功;起作用;行得通。
例句:
The skin graft failed to take. 皮肤移植未能成功
4
精读原文
There have only been two known cases of an H.I.V. cure so far. Referred to as “The Berlin Patient,” Timothy Ray Brown stayed virus-free for 12 years, until he died in 2020 of cancer. In 2019, another patient, later identified as Adam Castillejo, was reported to be cured of H.I.V., confirming that Mr. Brown’s case was not a fluke.
到目前为止,只有两个已知的HIV治愈病例。在2020年死于癌症之前,被称为“柏林病人”的蒂莫西·雷·布朗12年来一直保持着HIV阴性状态。2019年有报道称,另一名HIV患者被治愈(后来被确认为亚当·卡斯蒂莱霍),这证实了布朗先生的案例并非侥幸。
📒精读解析
No.1
cure n. /kjʊə(r)/
此处的 cure 为名词,表示 a medicine or medical treatment that cures an illness 药;药物;疗法。
用法:cure for sth
例句:
There is no known cure but the illness can be treated. 这种病尚没有确切的治愈方法,但可以医治。
文中其他地方出现的 cure 一般为动词,表示“治愈,治好”,用法为 cure (sb of) sth。也可以比喻“解决”某个问题。
例句:
I finally managed to cure the rattling noise in my car. 我最终设法解决了我汽车发出的格格响声。
No.2
fluke n. /fluːk/
a lucky or unusual thing that happens by accident, not because of planning or skill 侥幸;偶然;意外
例句:
During this time, though, almost as a fluke, DeRose discovered an ability to sing. 不过,在这段时间里,德罗斯几乎是侥幸地发现自己有唱歌的能力。
摩登家庭 第七季 第6集
5
精读原文
Both men received bone marrow transplants from donors who carried a mutation that blocks H.I.V. infection. The mutation has been identified in only about 20,000 donors, most of whom are of Northern European descent. In the previous cases, as the bone marrow transplants replaced all of their immune systems, both men suffered punishingside effects, including graft versus host disease, a condition in which the donor’s cells attack the recipient’s body.
这两名男子都接受了骨髓移植,且捐赠者都携带有能够阻止HIV感染的基因突变。这种突变仅在约2万名捐赠者中被发现,其中大多数人是北欧血统。在这两个病例中,由于骨髓移植取代了他们所有的免疫系统,两人都遭受了严重的副作用,包括移植物抗宿主病,也就是捐赠者的细胞会攻击受者的身体。
📒精读解析:
No.1
mutation n. /mjuːˈteɪʃn/
此处表示(基因结构的)突变;(生物物种的)变异,突变
例句:
Cells carrying the mutation then spread to the other twin via their shared placental blood circulation. 携带突变的细胞通过共享的胎盘经血液循环传播到双胞胎中的另一个。
还表示 the action or process of mutating 变化
例句:
His first novel went through several mutations. 他的第一部小说改动了好几次。
No.2
descent n. /dɪˈsent/
此处表示 a person’s family origins 血统;祖籍;祖先;出身
例句:
All the contributors were of African descent. 所有捐助者都是非洲血统。
descent 还表示 an action of coming or going down or a a slope going downwards 下降;下倾;下坡道,与 ascent 相反。也可以引申表示境遇的“沉沦;没落”。
例句:
Tom stopped in the marble elevator bank and watched for the descent of the other elevators. 汤姆在大理石电梯组里停了下来,观察着其他电梯的下落。
His descent into madness is rapid but not sudden, and his lunacy seems inevitable. 他很快就陷入疯狂,但并不突然,而且他的疯狂似乎是不可避免的。
No.3
punishing adj. /ˈpʌnɪʃɪŋ/
punish 的形容词形式并不表示“惩罚”,而是 long and difficult and making you work hard so you become very tired 艰难持久的;令人筋疲力尽的
例句:
He claimed his punishing work schedule had made him resort to taking the drug. 他声称,繁重的工作日程使他不得不服用药物。
星际穿越
No.4
side effect
此处表示 an extra and usually bad effect that a drug has on you, as well as curing illness or pain (药物的)副作用,通常为复数形式
可以引申为 an unexpected result of a situation or course of action that happens as well as the result you were aiming for 意外的连带后果
例句:
There is a trade-off between the benefits of the drug and the risk of side effects. 在这种药的疗效和副作用之间有个权衡利弊的问题。
The competition for new hires has another side effect: increased due diligence on candidates. 让新员工竞争还有另一个副作用:增加对候选人的尽职调查。
No.5
graft versus host disease
专业术语,名为移植物抗宿主病。
graft 指“皮肤、骨头、器官等移植物”,host 指“接受移植组织或器官的受体/宿主”,versus 用于表示 that two teams or sides are against each other (表示两队或双方对阵)对,诉,对抗
例句:
Italy versus Japan is turning out to be a surprisingly well matched competition. 出人意料的是,意大利对日本队的比赛结果是一场势均力敌的比赛。
6
精读原文
By contrast, the woman in the latest case left the hospital by day 17 after her transplant and did not develop graft versus host disease, said Dr. JingMei Hsu, the patient’s physician at Weill Cornell Medicine. The combination of cord blood and her relative’s cells might have spared her much of the brutal side effects of a typical bone marrow transplant, Dr. Hsu said.
威尔·康奈尔医学院的医生徐敬梅(音)博士说,相比之下,最新的这例女患者在移植后17天就出院了,没有出现移植物抗宿主病。徐医生说,脐带血和她亲属的细胞结合在一起,可能使她免受了典型骨髓移植的严重副作用。
📒精读解析:
No.1
physician
a doctor, especially one who is a specialist in general medicine医师;(尤指)内科医生
相应的,“外科医生”为 surgeon /ˈsɜːdʒən/。
我们再来拓展一些其他常见医生种类:
妇科医生:gynaecologist /ɡaɪnəˈkɒlədʒɪst/
产科医生:obstetrician /ˌɒbstɪˈtrɪʃən/
助产师:midwife
儿科医生:pediatrician /ˌpiːdɪəˈtrɪʃən/
麻醉医生:anesthetist /əˈniːsθətɪst/
精神科医生:psychiatrist /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/
心理医生:psychologist
理疗师:therapist
医患关系:physician-patient relations
例句:
Many cocaine misusers are treated by a specialist physician or psychiatrist in drug rehabilitation centres. 许多可卡因滥用者在戒毒中心由专科医生或精神科医生治疗。
No.2
spare v. /speə(r)/
此处表示 to save sb/yourself from having to go through an unpleasant experience 省得;免去
用法:spare sb/yourself (from) sth
例句:
You could have spared yourself an unnecessary trip by phoning in advance. 你要是先打个电话就用不着跑这一趟了。
spare 还可以表示 to allow sb/sth to escape harm, damage or death, especially when others do not escape it 饶恕;赦免;放过;使逃脱
例句:
During the bombing only one house was spared. 在轰炸中,只有一座房子幸免。
spare sb’s feelings 表示 to be careful not to do or say anything that might upset sb 不惹某人难受;避免触及某人的痛处
生活大爆炸 第十一季 第15集
7
精读原文
It was previously thought that graft versus host disease might be an important reason for an H.I.V. cure in the prior cases. The new results dispel that idea. The patient opted to discontinue antiretroviral therapy 37 months after the transplant. More than 14 months later, she now shows no signs of H.I.V. in blood tests, and does not seem to have detectable antibodies to the virus.
以前人们认为,移植物抗宿主病可能是先前案例中HIV治愈的一个重要原因。新的研究结果打消了这种想法。这位患者选择在移植后37个月停止抗逆转录病毒治疗。14个多月过后,她现在的血液检测没有显示出HIV的迹象,而且似乎没有检测到病毒的抗体。
📒精读解析:
No.1
dispel v. /dɪˈspel/
To dispel an idea or feeling that people have means to stop them having it. 消除 (想法或感觉)
例句:
The partnership between Cook and Kevin Pietersen appeared to dispel any fears of a collapse. 库克和凯文·彼得森之间的合作似乎消除了人们对公司崩溃的担忧。
No.2
opt v. /ɒpt/
表示 to choose to take or not to take a particular course of action 选择;挑选
用法:opt for/against sth; opt to do sth
例句:
After graduating she opted for a career in music. 毕业后她选择了从事音乐工作。
神探夏洛克 第四季 第2集
No.3
antiretroviral adj. /ˈæntɪˈrɛtrəʊˌvaɪrəl/
我们先根据构词法来分析词义,viral 指“病毒性的”,retro- 表示 back or backwards 后;向后, retroviral 指“逆转录病毒的”,逆转录病毒又称反转录病毒,属于RNA病毒中的一类,它们的遗传信息不是储存在脱氧核糖核酸(DNA),而是储存在核糖核酸(RNA)上。
anti- 表示 opposed to; against 反;反对。antiretroviral 指“抗逆转录病毒的”。
8
精读原文
It’s unclear exactly why stem cells from cord blood seem to work so well, experts said. One possibility is that they are more capable of adapting to a new environment, said Dr. Koen Van Besien, director of the transplant service at Weill Cornell. “These are newborns, they are more adaptable,” he said. Cord blood may also contain elements beyond the stem cells that aid in the transplant.
专家表示,目前还不清楚为什么脐带血干细胞看起来效果这么好。威尔·康奈尔大学移植服务部主任Koen Van Besien博士说,威尔·康奈尔大学器官移植中心主任科恩·范·贝辛博士说,一种可能性是它们适应新环境的能力更强。他说:“这些是新生细胞,因此适应能力更强。”脐带血可能还含有干细胞以外的一些元素,有助于移植。
📒精读解析:
No.1
adaptable adj. /əˈdæptəbl/
able to change or be changed in order to deal successfully with new situations 有适应能力的;能适应的
例句:
Older workers can be as adaptable and quick to learn as anyone else. 较年长的工人的适应能力和学习速度有时并不亚于其他任何人。
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