海外之声 | 数据夸大中国经济放缓的影响:中美“修昔底德陷阱”存在更大风险(中英双语)
观点速递
James Carrick是Legal & General Investment Management全球经济学家。原文首次发表于Macromatters博客,此文为编辑版,刊于OMFIF Commentary。OMFIF是一家总部位于伦敦的全球金融智库。
作者认为,尽管中国近期的经济数据显示,中国经济结构仍处下行状态并不乐观,但中国劳动力的生产力仍然可以提高。比起中国结构性放缓,更大的中期危险是“修昔底德陷阱”,即守成国日益受到新兴国的威胁。
中文译文如下:
数据夸大中国经济放缓的影响
中美“修昔底德陷阱”存在更大风险
James Carrick
翻译:谢佳梅
2018年1月23日
2018年,中国经济第四季度的年增长率为6.4%,是自2008至2009年经济衰退以来的最低水平。
除中美贸易战的风险外,中国劳动力增长停滞也给中国经济带来结构上的下行压力。2019年,中国经济增长率预计为6%,严重低于过去十年的年均增长率8.25%,以及2008年金融危机前的两位数增长水平。
这些数字看似不容乐观,但大家不必过度担忧。自2005年以来,中国占世界经济的份额从5%增加至16%,也就意味着现在的6%相当于10年前的15%。
近年来,中国贡献了1%的全球增长,高于其2007年经济繁荣巅峰期的0.8%。在过去30年,世界经济平均增速为2.8%,中国则占全球增长的三分之一。
中国的中期前景喜忧参半。过去十年债务激增预示着未来会有麻烦。但随着中国在此期间持续存在经常账户盈余,债务由内部而非外部持有。所以,当外国投资者拒绝偿还贷款时,因为僵尸企业阻塞银行业,中国很可能经历日本的“失去的十年”,而不是外部负债的新兴经济体(如巴西)经常出现的急剧崩溃。中国与日本的另一个相似之处在于其技术发展和研发支出方面的进步,美国政府将其视为一种威胁。
好消息是中国仍然不发达。尽管其劳动力增长停滞,但生产力仍有提升空间。从绝对数字来看,中国人均国内生产总值与1970年的日本,1986年的台湾和1990年的韩国相同。这些国家的劳动生产率在接下来的10年里增长了5%。
如果中国经济在未来十年内年增速是5%,那么它对全球增长的贡献仍将达到1%左右。这将有助于抵御人口老龄化对世界经济的影响。
尽管全球和中国的劳动力数量正在放缓,但中国劳动力的生产力仍然可以提高。新一代人受过更好的教育,并且比前几代人更容易使用先进的科学技术。
事实上,比起中国结构性放缓,更大的中期危险是“修昔底德陷阱”,即守成国日益受到新兴国的威胁。政策制定者应该关注中美之间发生冲突的可能性,而不是担心中国经济停滞不前。
英文原文如下:
Data exaggerate impact of China slowdown
Beijing-Washington 'Thucydides trap' presents greater risk
James Carrick
23 Jan 2019
China's annual economic growth rate was 6.4% in the fourth quarter of 2018, the weakest level since the depths of the 2008-09 recession.
Aside from the dangers of a Sino-US trade war, there is structural downward pressure on Chinese growth from its stagnating labour force. China is likely to grow at a rate of 6% in 2019, significantly lower than the 8.25% recorded each year on average over the last decade and the double-digit average growth rates in the years before the 2008 financial crisis.
Although these figures appear alarming, onlookers should not be overly worried. Since 2005, China's share of the world economy has more than tripled to 16% from 5%. This larger share means 6% growth today is equivalent to 15% growth a decade ago.
China has contributed around 1% to global growth in recent years, more than the 0.8% contribution it made during the peak of the last economic boom in 2007. The world economy has grown by 2.8% on average over the last 30 years; so China is accounting for around one-third of global growth.
The medium-term outlook for China is mixed. The surge in debt over the past decade signals trouble ahead. But with China running persistent current account surpluses over that period, the debt is held internally rather than externally. The country is more likely to suffer a Japanese-style 'lost decade', with zombie firms clogging up its banking sector, than a sharp crash typically seen in externally-indebted emerging economies (like Brazil) when foreign investors refuse to roll over their loans. Another similarity China has with Japan is its progress in technological development and high research and development spending, which the US government considers a threat.
The positive is that China remains underdeveloped. Although its workforce is stagnating, there is scope for productivity to catch up. In absolute terms, China's GDP per worker is the same today as Japan in 1970, Taiwan in 1986 and South Korea in 1990. Those countries' labour productivity grew by 5% over the following 10 years.
If China were to grow by 5% per year over the next decade, it would still contribute around 1% to global growth. This would help counter the drag on the world economy from the effects of an aging population.
Although the global and Chinese labour forces are slowing in number, Chinese workers can still become more productive. The new generation is better educated and has greater access to technology than previous ones.
Indeed, a more significant medium-term danger than China's structural slowdown is the 'Thucydides trap', where an incumbent power feels increasingly threatened by an emerging one. Rather than worrying about Chinese economic stagnation, policy-makers ought to focus on the possibility of conflict between Washington and Beijing.
内容整理 罗梦宇
图文编辑 罗梦宇
审校 田雯
监制 朱霜霜
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