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中国教育追踪调查(China Education Panel Survey, 简写为CEPS)
中国教育追踪调查(China Education Panel Survey, 简写为CEPS)是由中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心设计与实施的、具有全国代表性的大型追踪调查项目，旨在揭示家庭、学校、社区以及宏观社会结构对于个人教育产出的影响，并进一步探究教育产出在个人生命历程中发生作用的过程。
中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)以2013-2014学年为基线，以初中一年级（7年级）和初中三年级（9年级）两个同期群为调查起点，以人口平均受教育水平和流动人口比例为分层变量从全国随机抽取了28个县级单位（县、区、市）作为调查点。调查的执行以学校为基础，在入选的县级单位随机抽取了112所学校、438个班级进行调查，被抽中班级的学生全体入样，基线调查共调查了约2万名学生。
中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)以问卷调查为主要手段，对全体被调查学生及其家长或监护人、班主任老师、主课任课老师以及学校负责人进行问卷调查。问卷的内容包括：学生的基本信息、户籍与流动、成长经历、身心健康、亲子互动、在校学习、课外活动、与老师/同学的关系、社会行为发展、教育期望、以及家庭成员基本信息，家长的基本信息、生活习惯、亲子互动、家庭教育环境、家庭教育投入、社区环境、对学校教育的看法、与老师的互动、对孩子的教育期望，班主任老师对学生行为的评价、与学生家长的互动、对本地与外地户籍学生的比较，包括班主任在内的任课老师的个人基本信息、教育理念、日常教学工作、工作压力与满意度，学校负责人基本信息、教育理念，学校的基本信息、教学设施、招生入学、在校师生情况以及日常教学管理。
中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)同时还对学生进行综合认知能力测试、基本人格测试，并收集学生的重要考试（期中考试、中考、高考等）成绩，并计划组织对学生的健康与体格检查，采集生物医学指标，综合利用各种手段和技术全面采集高质量的数据。
中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)在初中阶段逐年进行追踪调查，计划在学生初中毕业后的第1年、第3年、第4年、第7年、第8年、第17年、第27年进行追踪调查，整个调查周期长达30年，并计划第10年新起一个从7年级开始的同期群。
中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)所产出的内容广泛的多层次追踪数据将向学术界全面开放，为教育学、经济学、管理学、社会学等相关学科的研究者提供基础数据资源，同时也服务于教育政策的制定者和学校的管理者，为其决策提供可靠的实证数据依据。
Cui, Y., et al. (2019). "Mother's education and child development: Evidence from the compulsory school reform in China." Journal of Comparative Economics 47(3): 669-692.
This paper investigates the causal impact of mother's schooling on various outcomes of adolescent development by exploiting the temporal and geographical variations in the enforcement of compulsory schooling laws in China. Using data from China Family Panel Studies, we find that mother's education increases adolescents’ school enrollment, math test scores, college aspiration, and internal locus of control related to education. Mother's education also improves adolescent mental health status and reduces the incidence of underweight. We also find considerable gender heterogeneity in the effects of mother's education. The results further indicate that mother's education leads to an increase in family resources for children and an improvement in maternal mental health and parenting, which we interpret as potential mechanisms behind our findings.Ge, Z. and Y. Zhang (2019). "Disability status and student outcomes over time in regular classrooms: Evidence from a national panel survey in China." Children and Youth Services Review 105: 104460.The idea of inclusive education suggests that student with disabilities should be educated in regular schools, instead of being placed in segregated special education sectors. However, little is known about whether students with and without disabilities could follow parallel paths of development within the same classroom, especially in developing countries. Drawing upon two waves of data from a nationally representative sample of Chinese middle school students (sample size, 8252; mean age, 12.6 years; disability prevalence, 8%), we employed multiple regressions with class fixed effects and the change score method to examine the association between disability status of students and temporal changes in various developmental domains, including cognitive ability, school attachment, and emotional wellbeing). Our results showed that students with disabilities were disadvantaged on wave-specific outcomes, but not on between-wave changes. There was indeed some heterogeneity across various aspects of development. Specifically, the observed gains in cognitive ability and school attachment during the follow-up period were not significantly affected by disability status, net of individual and family background and class fixed effects. In addition, although both students with and without disabilities experienced a temporal decline in emotional wellbeing, the decline was larger among students without disabilities, pointing to a convergence of mental health between students with and without disabilities within the same regular classrooms. These findings contribute to the understanding of the relationship between inclusive education and development of both students with and without disabilities in less developed educational context.Guo, Y. and L. Zhao (2019). "The impact of Chinese Hukou reforms on migrant students' cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes." Children and Youth Services Review 101: 341-351.The Chinese Hukou system, a major tool for social control employed by the government, has undergone various fundamental reforms and has received increasing attention in recent years. This study investigates the relationship between Hukou policy innovations and migrant children's cognitive and non-cognitive outcomes, which are vital to the lifetime development of individuals. On the basis of 2654 children holding non-local Hukou from the 2013–2014 wave of the China Education Panel Survey, the results show that migrant students who expect to have fair access to local senior high schools have significantly higher test scores and higher educational aspirations than their counterparts. The expectation of attending a local senior high school improves migrant students' relationship with teachers and the social acclimation with classmates. These findings carry policy implications for addressing migrant children's educational challenges and shed light on China's reform of its Hukou system to achieve social justice and equality.Li, C. and S. Jiang (2018). "Social exclusion, sense of school belonging and mental health of migrant children in China: A structural equation modeling analysis." Children and Youth Services Review 89: 6-12.In recent years, the number of migrant children has continued to increase in China. This study aims to investigate how social exclusion and sense of school belonging influenced the mental health of Chinese migrant children. Data were from the 2013–2014 wave of the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), a school-based national multistage probability sample of Chinese junior high school students. 1898 children who had experienced migration were selected as research sample. Structural equation model was adopted to test the hypothetical framework. The results suggested that social exclusion was not significantly associated with children's mental health, whereas a high sense of school belonging was related to their enhanced mental health outcomes. The sense of school belonging fully mediated the effect of social exclusion on migrant children's mental health. Our study validated the applicability of rejection–identification model, social identity theory, and cognitive–experiential self-theory in Chinese context. This study also provided implications for the social work intervention and social policy focused on migrant children in China.Shen, W. (2020). "A tangled web: The reciprocal relationship between depression and educational outcomes in China." Social Science Research 85: 102353.Research on depression and education usually focuses on a unidirectional relationship. This paper proposes a reciprocal relationship, simultaneously estimating the effects of depression on education and of education on depression. China, which has the world's largest education system, is used as a case study. This paper applies structural equation modeling to three datasets: the China Family Panel Studies, the China Education Panel Survey, and the Gansu Survey of Children and Families. Analyses reveal a reciprocal and negative relationship between depression and educational outcomes. Specifically, early depression reduces later educational achievement, and higher educational achievement also lowers the level of subsequent depression by resulting in less peers' unfriendliness, less pressure from parents' expectations, and less teachers' criticism. More time spent on studies is not associated with higher educational achievement but significantly increases the level of depression. Children from lower SES families bear more pressure and spend more time on studies, which does not correspond to higher educational achievement but rather to higher levels of depression. In the long term, prior depression lowers educational attainment and, after controlling for prior depression, lower educational attainment is also associated with higher levels of subsequent depression. This paper shows that the lower achievers, not the high achievers, bear the major psychological burden of the education system's quest to produce high achievement. This situation reinforces these students' educational disadvantage.Sun, L., et al. (2020). "Are there educational and psychological benefits from private supplementary tutoring in Mainland China? Evidence from the China Education Panel Survey, 2013–15." International Journal of Educational Development 72: 102144.We investigate the educational and psychological benefits from participating in private supplementary tutoring in Mainland China. We use the 2013–2015 China Education Panel Survey data on junior high school students and a difference-in-difference and propensity score matching research design. Our results show that private tutoring is positively associated with higher English scores for rural students only. For all students and across most sub-groups, we find that private tutoring is associated with lower frequency of students' self-reported negative emotions. The data, however, do not permit deeper inquiry into the role of the quality and quantity of private tutoring.Xiao, Y., et al. (2017). "Education on the cheap: The long-run effects of a free compulsory education reform in rural china." Journal of Comparative Economics 45(3): 544-562.This paper evaluates the long-run effects of a free compulsory education reform in rural China on individuals’ educational attainment, cognitive achievement and health. We exploit the cross-province variation in the roll-out of the reform and apply a difference-in-differences strategy to identify the causal effects of the reform on the outcomes. We find that the reform exposure, measured by the number of semesters that an individual is supposed to be exposed to the free compulsory education, is positively associated with individuals’ educational attainment and cognitive achievement measured by math test scores in early adulthood. The reform effects on educational attainment become greater in the longer term. Moreover, the reform effect on educational attainment is stronger for individuals with less-educated fathers.Xing, C., et al. (2018). "The medium-run effect of China's higher education expansion on the unemployment of college graduates." China Economic Review 51: 181-193.China's unemployment rate for new college graduates has increased significantly in recent years, and many people attribute this increase to the higher education expansion policy. In this paper, we use three nationally representative data sets for 2000, 2005, and 2010 to investigate the short and medium term effects of the expansion policy on the unemployment of college graduates. Treating higher education expansion as an exogenous shock and using a difference-in-difference (DID) strategy, we find that this policy increased the unemployment rate of new college graduates in the short run, but the unemployment rate kept declining and the dis-employment effect mostly disappeared after five years. We also find some heterogeneous effects by gender, region, and city.Xu, D. and Q. Li (2018). "Gender achievement gaps among Chinese middle school students and the role of teachers’ gender." Economics of Education Review 67: 82-93.Based on a nationally representative data of middle school students from China, this paper intends to document gender performance gaps among middle school students in China and the role of teachers. gender in either reducing or perpetuating such gaps. We find substantial gender academic achievement gaps in favor of girls in all of the three main subject areas, although the sizes of the gaps are substantially smaller in math than in literacy. Exploiting the fact that middle school students in China are randomly assigned to classes, we then examine the impact of student-teacher gender match not only on academic performance, but also on students. self-perceived ability in each subject area and self-perceived interactions with the teacher teaching that subject. Our results suggest that teacher gender has little impact on boys. In contrast, having a female teacher noticeably improves girls. self-reported student-teacher interactions, self-perceived ability, and academic performance, although the effect is only robust and persists over time in the subject of math.Zhang, S., et al. (2017). "School starting age and academic achievement: Evidence from China's junior high schools." China Economic Review 44: 343-354.This paper examines the effect of school starting age on the academic achievement of junior high school students using the newly available data from the China Education Panel Survey. Regression discontinuity design estimation based on an exogenous entrance cutoff date indicates that a one-year delay is associated with a 0.303 decrease in standard deviations of cognitive scores. However, this negative effect is caused by human capital accumulation prior to primary school entry.Zhao, G., et al. (2017). "How and why do Chinese urban students outperform their rural counterparts?" China Economic Review 45: 103-123.This paper aims to measure and understand the rural–urban student cognitive ability gap in China. Using the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) 2013/2014 data, we find that the cognitive ability test scores of urban students are approximately 1.41 points (17%) higher than those of rural students, on average. This difference is equivalent to 37 and 41% of the standard deviation of urban and rural students' test scores, respectively. Instead of the raw test score, when the cognitive ability is estimated with the 3-parameter Logistic item response theory model, the rural–urban gap is somewhat reduced. The regression and Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition analyses show that nearly one-half of the rural–urban gap can be accounted for by differences in observed characteristics, especially number of siblings, parental education, and interaction between parents and teachers. We then discuss the policy implications of these results and propose a few potential ways to reduce the rural–urban gap in students' cognitive abilities.[Source]：https://ceps.ruc.edu.cn/index.php?r=index/introduce
中国健康与养老追踪调查（China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, CHARLS）
中国健康与养老追踪调查（China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, CHARLS）是由北京大学国家发展研究院主持、北京大学中国社会科学调查中心与北京大学团委共同执行的大型跨学科调查项目，是国家自然科学基金委资助的重大项目，旨在收集一套代表中国45岁及以上中老年人家庭和个人的高质量微观数据，用以分析我国人口老龄化问题，推动老龄化问题的跨学科研究，为制定和完善我国相关政策提供更加科学的基础。CHARLS曾于2008年在分别代表我国东西部典型国情的浙江、甘肃两省开展预调查；全国基线调查于2011年开展，于2011、2013、2015和2018年分别在全国28个省（自治区、直辖市）的150个县、450个社区（村）开展调查访问，至2018年全国追访完成时，其样本已覆盖总计1.24万户家庭中的1.9万名受访者。此外，CHARLS还曾在2014年组织并实施了“中国居民生命历程调查”、2016年开展“共和国初期基层经济历史调查”两项全国性专项访问，亦完全覆盖上述样本地区。2017年在北京和天津两地开展省级代表性抽样，调查访问对象扩大到家户中的全年龄样本。这是对CHARLS现有样本的补充CHALRS的问卷设计参考了国际经验，包括美国健康与退休调查（HRS）、英国老年追踪调查（ELSA）以及欧洲的健康、老年与退休调（SHARE）等。项目采用了多阶段抽样，在县/区和村居抽样阶段均采取PPS抽样方法。CHARLS首创了电子绘图软件（CHALRS-GIS）技术，用地图法制作村级抽样框。CHARLS问卷内容包括：个人基本信息，家庭结构和经济支持，健康状况，体格测量，医疗服务利用和医疗保险，工作、退休和养老金、收入、消费、资产，以及社区基本情况等。CHARLS的访问应答率和数据质量在世界同类项目中位居前列，数据在学术界得到了广泛的应用和认可。
Che, Y. and X. Li (2018). "Retirement and health: Evidence from China." China Economic Review 49: 84-95.One typical feature of China's pension system is that retirement is mandatory. By exploiting the exogenous change created by this mandatory retirement policy, we use the mandatory retirement age as an instrument for retirement status to examine the effect of retirement on individual health using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Our main finding is that the probability of “fair” or “poor” self-reported health among white-collar workers decreases by 34 percentage point after retirement. This result is generally robust to different model specifications, alternative measures of health, and different subsamples. In addition, we deliver evidence that increased health-related exercises and the cultivation of a better lifestyle are two possible channels through which retirement affects health.Feng, J., et al. (2020). "Retirement effect on health status and health behaviors in urban China." World Development 126: 104702.This paper analyzes the causal impact of retirement in China on Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight, which are a good gauge of the risk for some diseases. Many middle income developing countries are aging very rapidly and may have to adjust the retirement age to have financially feasible government budgets. It is important to know and understand any plausible health consequences of raising the retirement age in developing countries, and which sub-populations within these countries may be most affected. By using 2011, 2013 and 2015 waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), our identification strategy uses variation in China’s mandatory retirement age with a fuzzy discontinuity design to examine an exogenous shock to retirement behavior. Our study finds that retirement will increase weight and BMI among men. This effect is much larger for men with low education. The channel may be that men with low education drink more and take less vigorous exercises after they get retired. Retirement does not affect weight and BMI for women. These effects are robust with different definitions of retirement, narrow retirement bandwidth for samples as well as dropping samples with rural Hukou.Jin, Y., et al. (2020). "Social causation or social selection? The longitudinal interrelationship between poverty and depressive symptoms in China." Social Science & Medicine 249: 112848.Rationale To our knowledge, no prior studies have investigated these bidirectional pathways between poverty and depressive symptoms to identify potential mechanisms. Objective This study aimed to investigate the interrelationship between poverty and depressive symptoms by examining two causal theories: social causation, which claims that the condition of poverty causes mental health disorders, and social selection, which suggests that those with poor mental health are more likely to drift into poverty. Method We obtained data from 17,250 adults aged 45 years or above from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Studies, first conducted in 2011–2012. Participants were tracked for 4 years, with baseline measurements taken as well as two 2-year follow-up visits. Structural equation models were used to examine the pathways in two directions at baseline, 2-year follow-up and 4-year follow-up. Results We found significant total effects and indirect effects of poverty on depressive symptoms at baseline, which were mediated through deterioration of household living conditions, decrease in social participation, and decline in life satisfaction. In the opposite direction, depressive symptoms directly led individuals to drift into poverty at baseline and at follow-up. Conclusions This study suggested that social causation and social selection may operate concurrently. Proactive interventions, especially ones focusing on modifiable protective factors that our findings identified as mediators in the link between poverty and depression, are urgently needed to break the vicious cycle of poverty and depression and create a virtuous cycle of increasing returns.Lei, X. and H. Liu (2018). "Gender difference in the impact of retirement on cognitive abilities: Evidence from urban China." Journal of Comparative Economics 46(4): 1425-1446.This paper examines the impact of retirement on cognitive functioning by gender in urban China and investigates the underlying mechanisms. Based on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, the paper uses the mandatory retirement ages and different policy enforcement between the public and private sectors as instruments for retirement status. The analysis finds substantial gender heterogeneity in the effect of retirement on cognition, with a positive and significant effect for males, but a negative and less significant effect for females. The beneficial effects on cognition are stronger for male blue-collar workers, who are likely to pursue a more active lifestyle at retirement. Further investigation shows that the results are partly driven by differential behavioral changes at retirement, and the gender difference in retirement ages may also play a potential role.Lei, X., et al. (2014). "Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study national baseline." Social Science & Medicine 120: 224-232.We examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms among the mid-aged and elderly in China and examine relationships between depression and current SES factors such as gender, age, education and income (per capita expenditures). In addition, we explore associations of depressive symptoms with measures of early childhood health, recent family deaths and current chronic health conditions. We use data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) national baseline, fielded in 2011/12, which contains the ten question version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) for 17,343 respondents aged 45 and older. We fill a major gap by using the CHARLS data to explore the general patterns of depression and risk factors among the Chinese elderly nationwide, which has never been possible before. We find that depressive symptoms are significantly associated with own education and per capita expenditure, and the associations are robust to the inclusion of highly disaggregated community fixed effects and to the addition of several other risk factors. Factors such as good general health during childhood are negatively associated with later depression. There exist strong gender differences, with females having higher depression scores. Being a recent widow or widower is associated with more depressive symptoms, as is having a series of chronic health problems, notably having moderate or severe pain, disability or problems with measures of physical functioning. Adding the chronic health problems to the specification greatly reduces the SES associations with depressive symptoms, suggesting that part of the pathways behind these associations are through these chronic health factors.Liu, G. G., et al. (2016). "How does social capital matter to the health status of older adults? Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey." Economics & Human Biology 22: 177-189.This paper uses longitudinal data from China to examine the causal relationship between structural social capital and health among Chinese older adults. We employ various econometric strategies to control for the potential endogeneity of social capital and account for the possible contextual confounding effects by including community-level social capital. We use three indicators to measure individuals’ general, physical, and mental health. Results indicate that social capital has a significant and positive effect on general and physical health. Based on our primary IV findings, a one standard-deviation increase in social capital leads to a 4.9 standard-deviation decrease in the probability of having bad health and a 2.2 standard-deviation decrease in physical activity limitations. Our results are robust to a series of sensitivity checks. Further analysis suggests heterogeneous effects by age but not by gender or area of residence.Lu, B., et al. (2020). "Falls and impact on disability and healthy life expectancy in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS)." China Economic Review: 101426.Luo, Y., et al. (2019). "Productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults in China: Evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study." Social Science & Medicine 229: 96-105.This study examines the relationship between productive activities and cognitive decline among older adults aged 50 years and over in China and whether this relationship varies by gender and urban/rural residence using a sample of 13,596 respondents from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Results from Generalized Estimation Equations show that caring for grandchildren, caring for a spouse, informal helping and formal volunteering are associated with reduced risk of cognitive decline over a two-year period. In addition, the types of productive activities that are most beneficial for cognition vary by gender and urban/rural residence. Caring for grandchildren and volunteering are most beneficial for urban women, informal helping is most beneficial for urban men, and paid employment is most beneficial for rural men.Ma, M. (2019). "Does children's education matter for parents’ health and cognition? Evidence from China." Journal of Health Economics 66: 222-240.Intergenerational transmission of human capital from parents to offspring is widely documented. However, whether there are upward spillovers from children to parents remains understudied. This paper uses data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study to estimate the causal impact of educational attainment of children on various health and cognition outcomes of older parents. Identification is achieved by using the exposure of children to the compulsory education law in China and its interaction with local schooling level before law enforcement as instruments for children's years of schooling. IV estimation results demonstrate that increasing years of education of children lead to better cognitive functions, higher survival expectations and improved lung function of Chinese older parents. Further evidence suggests that children's education might shape health of older parents by providing financial support, affecting the access to resources and influencing the labor supply and psychological well-being of parents.Niu, G., et al. (2020). "Financial literacy and retirement preparation in China." Pacific-Basin Finance Journal 59: 101262.A growing body of literature, which primarily focuses on the developed world, investigates the implications of financial literacy (or lack thereof) on households' well-being. This paper examines the level of financial literacy and its impact on retirement preparation in China, a country that is growing old before getting rich. Drawing on internationally comparable survey questions, we find that a large proportion of Chinese people, especially the elderly, women, and under-educated, lack financial knowledge. The empirical results show that financial literacy has a strong and positive impact on various aspects of retirement preparation among Chinese people, including determining retirement financial needs, making long-term financial plans, and purchasing private pension insurance. Our findings suggest that concrete measures are needed to improve financial literacy so as to increase the awareness of retirement preparation in China.Qiu, Q., et al. (2019). "Health inequality among middle-aged and older people aged 45 years and older in China: a systematic analysis of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study 2011–16." The Lancet 394: S28.Background China has a history of promoting measures to achieve equity in health, including efforts to encourage the prevention and control of infectious diseases. However, there are no comprehensive assessments of health inequality for chronic diseases in China. This study aimed to estimate health inequalities for chronic diseases in China and to investigate health system factors that might be correlated with these inequalities. Methods Data for this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2016. A total of 50 244 middle-aged and older Chinese adults, aged 45 years and older, were included (16 128 in 2011, 16 646 in 2013, and 17 470 in 2015). Principal component analysis was used to obtain a comprehensive index of socioeconomic status. We calculated concentration indices and corresponding CIs for 14 chronic diseases and comorbidities. We then estimated the Kendall rank correlation coefficient for inequalities and GDP per capita among provinces. Findings For ten of the 14 chronic diseases (hypertension, chronic lung disease, heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, stomach and other digestive diseases, emotional or psychiatric problems, memory-related disorders, arthritis or rheumatism, and asthma), prevalences were higher for the poorest tertiles than the richest tertiles. The concentration indices of dyslipidaemia (0·1256 [95% CI 0·1052–0·151]), diabetes or high blood sugar (0·098 [0·0704–0·1244]), and cancer or malignant tumour (0·1305 [0·0528–0·215]) in 2015–2016 were indicative of higher prevalence in people with higher income. Health inequality for chronic lung diseases and eight other diseases grew markedly from 2011 to 2016. Overall, health inequality was lower for urban residents (−0·035 in 2011–2012, −0·036 in 2013–2014, and −0·05 in 2015–2016) than rural residents (−0·053, −0·064, −0·08), and healthy inequality was twice as high among women (−0·051, −0·05, −0·072) than among men (−0·023, −0·02, −0·032). There was a significant inverse association between per capita GDP among provinces and the concentration indices of dyslipidaemia (Kendall's τ=−0·2328, p=0·015), kidney disease (τ=−0·3545, p=0·0077), and asthma (τ=−0·2646, p=0·0079). Interpretation For many chronic diseases in China, prevalences are higher for people with lower income, and this health inequality is considerable and growing. Policies associated with health equity need to be facilitated to achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Funding This study was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81402761), the Foundation Research Project of Jiangsu Province (BK20140361), and the Suzhou Xiangcheng district people's livelihood science and technology project (XJ201655, XJ201706).Shai, O. (2018). "Is retirement good for men’s health? Evidence using a change in the retirement age in Israel." Journal of Health Economics 57: 15-30.This study examines the effect of employment on elderly men’s health. A typical OLS analysis yields a positive relationship between employment and health for individuals in their sixties. Causality, however, is difficult to infer because healthier individuals are more capable of working than others. To overcome this endogeneity problem, this paper exploits the increase in the full retirement age for men in Israel from sixty-five to sixty-seven in 2004. After this change, the employment rate of men in this age bracket jumped significantly compared to the last cohort that was able to retire at sixty-five. Using the new retirement law as an exogenous source of variation in the employment status of elderly men, a significant causal relationship in the opposite direction of the correlation is found: employment at older ages impairs health. These findings are found across a broad array of datasets and health outcomes. The results are significantly stronger among less-educated workers, suggesting that employment in physically demanding occupations is more detrimental to health. Placebo analyses using the years preceding the new retirement regime and other health measures unrelated to employment (e.g., dentist visits) reinforce a causal interpretation of my main findings.Wang, S., et al. (2015). "Comprehensive treatment of hypertension middle-aged and elderly people: cross-sectional survey data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)." The Lancet 386: S67.Background Both drug treatment and non-drug treatment were definitely recommended in the 2010 Guidelines for Prevention and Treatment of Hypertension in China. This study aims to provide reliable estimates of both treatments of hypertension and their distribution and related influencing factors in the middle-aged and elderly population in China. Methods The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is a cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of hypertension from 2011∼2012. Eligible individuals (Chinese people aged 45 years or more) were selected through four-stage, stratified, cluster sampling. Hypertension was considered as a mean systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or higher, a mean diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher or was assumed for participants taking anti-hypertensive medication. The primary outcome of this study is the control of hypertension, which was defined as blood pressure less than 140/80 mm Hg. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). The ethics committee of Peking University Health Science Center approved this study, and all participants gave written informed consent before participation. Findings 12 981 people participated in the study, of whom 5371 (33% [95% CI 32·3–33·9%]. 59% of participants with hypertension were aware of the diagnosis. Of those people who were aware of their hypertension, 2440 (77%) were receiving treatment with drugs, and 1838 (58%) were receiving at least one non-drug treatment (of whom 25·4% were receiving health education on weight control, 35% on exercise, 49% on diet, and 22% on smoking control). Patients who received either treatment were more likely to be men living in urban areas with higher social status. 31% of the patients were controlled with an average systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg and an average diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg. Compared with the population that received no treatment for hypertension, both drug treatment and non-drug treatment improved the control rate of hypertension (all ORs >7·0) after adjusting for sex, age, gross domestic product, education level, drinking, smoking, body-mass index, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Interpretation The prevalence of hypertension in the Chinese middle-aged and elderly population is surprisingly high, with disproportionately low awareness and drug treatment. Practical guidelines to non-drug approaches have been provided but are inadequately used. Future studies should address the cause of the discrepancy between recommendations and clinical practice. Funding PhD Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 20130001120041).Yan, B., et al. (2020). "Health inequality among Chinese older adults: The role of childhood circumstances." The Journal of the Economics of Ageing 17: 100237.This paper examines the extent to which childhood circumstances contribute to health inequality in old age and how the contributions may vary across key dimensions of health. We link the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013 and 2015 with its Life History Survey in 2014 to quantify health inequality due to childhood circumstances for which they have little control. We evaluate comprehensive dimensions of health ranging from cognitive health, mental health, physical health, self-rated health to mortality. Our analytic sample includes about 8000 Chinese persons age above 60. Using the Shapley value decomposition approach, we first show that childhood circumstances may explain 1–23 percent of health inequality in old age across multiple health outcomes. Second, while both direct health-related circumstances and indirect health-related circumstances contribute significantly to health inequality, the latter tends to be more sizable. Our findings support the value of a life course approach in identifying the key determinants of health in old age.Zang, E. (2020). "Spillover effects of a husband's retirement on a woman's health: Evidence from urban China." Social Science & Medicine 245: 112684.Despite an increasing number of studies measuring the effect of retirement on individual well-being, research on spillover effects of one spouse's retirement on another spouse's well-being is limited. If such an effect exists but is not considered, it would result in an underestimation of the total retirement effect. This article examines the effect a man's retirement has on his wife's mental and physical health. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), I exploit the large increase in the probability of retirement at the legal retirement age for urban male wage earners in China as a natural experiment. I implement a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to compare the health outcomes of women whose husbands recently retired with those whose husbands are close to retiring. Findings indicate that the retirement of her spouse improves a woman's physical and mental well-being, most likely by increasing the frequency of her social interactions and exercise.Zhang, Y., et al. (2018). "The effect of retirement on healthcare utilization: Evidence from China." Journal of Health Economics 62: 165-177.We examine the effect of retirement on healthcare utilization in China using longitudinal data. We use a nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design, exploiting the statutory retirement age in urban China as a source of exogenous variation in retirement. In contrast to previous results for developed countries, we find that in China retirement increases healthcare utilization. This increase can be attributed to deteriorating health and in particular to the reduced opportunity cost of time after retirement. For the sample as a whole, income is not a dominating mechanism. People with low education, however, are more likely to forego recommended inpatient care after retirement.[Source]： http://charls.pku.edu.cn/pages/about/111/zh-cn.html
中国综合社会调查（Chinese General Social Survey，CGSS）
中国综合社会调查（Chinese General Social Survey，CGSS）是我国最早的全国性、综合性、连续性学术调查项目，由中国人民大学中国调查与数据中心负责执行。
遵照国际标准，自2003年起，每年一次，对中国大陆各省市自治区10000多户家庭进行连续性横截面调查。
在CGSS年度调查的基础上，中国调查与数据中心联合全国各省市区的40多家大学及科研究机构组成了中国社会调查网络（CSSN），开创了在中国组织大规模全国性调查的新模式。
CGSS系统、全面的收集社会、社区、家庭、个人多个层次的数据，总结社会变迁的趋势，探讨具有重大科学和现实意义的议题，推动国内科学研究的开放与共享，为国际比较研究提供数据资料，充当了多学科的经济与社会数据采集平台。
中国综合社会调查（CGSS）开创了我国大型学术调查数据开放与共享之先河。CGSS数据的用户包括世界各国经济学、社会学、人口学、政治学、管理学、新闻学、心理学、劳动人事学、地理学、历史学、人类学、以及其他学科的学者、学生、及其他人员，基于CGSS数据发表学术期刊超过了1000篇。
中国综合社会调查（CGSS）于2006年和日本综合社会调查（JGSS）、韩国综合社会调查（KGSS）、中国台湾社会变迁调查（TSCS）发起了东亚社会调查（EASS）计划；又于2007年代表中国加入国际社会调查合作组织，充当着我国社会调查国际交流与合作的窗口。
Asadullah, M. N. and S. Xiao (2020). "The changing pattern of wage returns to education in post-reform China." Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 53: 137-148.This paper examines the labor market returns to schooling in China during 2010–2015 by using two rounds of the China General Social Survey data. While our OLS estimates based on Mincerian earnings function confirm the importance of human capital in China's post-reform economy, they highlight a number of important changes in the labor market performance of educated workers. The average returns to schooling have declined during the study period, albeit modestly. The fall in returns is much larger in urban locations, coastal regions and among women (from 10.4%, 9.9% and 7.8% in 2010 to 8.3%, 7.8% and 6.3% in 2015 respectively). Workers with university diplomas and good English language skills continue to enjoy a high wage return. These findings are unchanged regardless of model specifications and corrections for endogeneity bias using conventional as well as Lewbel instrumental variable approaches. We discuss the potential explanations for the observed changes and their policy implications.Huhe, N., et al. (2015). "Social trust and grassroots governance in rural China." Social Science Research 53: 351-363.The relationship between social trust and governance has been one of the focal points of the academic and policy-making communities. Empirical studies on this relationship, however, have focused mostly on democracies. The scarcity of such studies in authoritarian countries has left many important questions unanswered: Is social trust associated with effective governance only in democratic settings? Can social trust improve the quality of governance in non-democracies as well? Drawing on data from 2005 China General Social Survey—a representative survey conducted nationwide at both the individual- and village-level in rural China, this paper attempts to answer these questions empirically by examining the relationship between social trust and the quality of governance in rural China. The findings reveal that different types of social trust—particularized trust and generalized trust—correspond with different effects in rural governance: whereas villagers’ trust in people whom they knew personally was positively and significantly associated with the provision of various public goods and services, their trust in strangers had virtually no impact on rural governance.Liu, J., et al. (2020). "The Internet-driven sexual revolution in China." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 153: 119911.Based on data from the Chinese General Social Surveys from 2012, 2013, and 2015, this paper empirically studies the impact of the Internet on sexual attitudes, using ordinary least squares regressions and ordinal logistic regressions, followed by regressions that use the instrumental variable method and propensity score matching method for causal inferences. Our results suggest that Internet-usage frequency has a significantly positive impact on sexually permissive attitudes, including attitudes toward premarital sex, extramarital sex, and homosexual behavior. For example, a regression that uses instrument variables reveals that an increase of one standard deviation for Internet-usage frequency is associated with an increase of 0.6154 standard deviations for sexually permissive attitudes. Further, through the mediation effect model, this study probes the influence of Internet usage on sexually permissive attitudes, revealing that social network and education attainment account for 2.37% and 11.09%, respectively, of the total effect. The findings bolster the common perception that the Internet plays a crucial role in the sexual revolution in China.Niu, G. and G. Zhao (2018). "Survey data on political attitudes of China׳s urban residents compiled from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS)." Data in Brief 20: 591-595.The data discussed in this article is related to the article entitled “Identity and trust in government: A comparison of locals and migrants in urban China” (Niu and Zhao, 2018) [1], which analyses the political trust among three groups of urban residents in China (rural–urban migrants, urban–urban migrants, and urban locals) based on a sample with 4059 observations extracted from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS). The dataset contains detailed information on respondents’ political and social attitudes, demographic characteristics, and socio-economic status.Shao, S., et al. (2018). "Do the rich have stronger willingness to pay for environmental protection? New evidence from a survey in China." World Development 105: 83-94.The majority of existing studies argue that rich people and the residents in high-income countries and regions have stronger willingness to pay (WTP) for environmental protection. Does such a rule hold true for China at the present stage? Previous studies pay little attention to this issue due to the lack of related data. Merging the micro data from the Chinese General Social Survey in 2010 (CGSS2010) with the macro data at the corresponding urban level of China, as well as two types of satellite monitoring data, this paper investigates the effect of income on residents’ WTP for environmental protection at both macro and micro perspectives based on the ordered Logit model. The results show that the rich do have stronger WTP for environmental protection. However, with the increase in residents’ income, the marginal WTP for environmental protection will decline, and a reversal occurs at the top income level. Therefore, the WTP does not always rise with the increase in income, and the middle-income class has the strongest WTP for environmental protection. Moreover, after controlling individual characteristics, residents’ WTP for environmental protection more depends on environmental pollution degree rather than urban average income level measured by both GDP per capita and the nighttime lights data from satellite monitoring. The residents in more polluted cities have stronger WTP for environmental protection. Therefore, it is not reasonable to improve people’s environmental preferences purely through economic development.Song, Y., et al. (2019). "Assessing the effects of haze pollution on subjective well-being based on Chinese General Social Survey." Journal of Cleaner Production 235: 574-582.The transition from “develop for economy” to “develop for subjective well-being” requires to clarify the connection among economy, pollution and happiness. It is of great significance to improve the quality of social development. In this paper, we analyze the effects of haze pollution on subjective well-being using the method of ordered probit model, based on the Chinese General Social Survey of 2015. It is found that subjective well-being is positively correlated with haze pollution. Heterogeneity among different groups is observed. People who live in provinces with heavy haze pollution and with high income enjoy greater happiness. The transmission mechanisms of haze pollution on subjective well-being mainly exist in areas where air quality is not up to the standard. On the one hand, the economic growth improves residents' subjective well-being, although it is at the expense of haze pollution. Moreover, haze pollution raises a variety of troubles, including harming people's physical and mental health, which offset the growth of subjective well-being stemming from economic growth. This possibly explain why the subjective well-being of Chinese has not improved simultaneously with the development of economy.Xiang, J., et al. (2020). "The impact of household real estate and self-employment: Evidence from China." Economic Modelling.This study examines the influence of household real estate on self-employment probability using a probit model based on four-phase Chinese General Social Survey microsurvey data. Our baseline results show that household real estate substantially increases the probability of personal self-employment. To solve endogeneity, we consider the Chinese marriage tradition in which parents who have male offspring prepare more real estate for their children. Using child gender ratio as an instrumental variable of household real estate, we find that real estate has a significant positive effect on self-employment. Moreover, real estate enhances a family’s risk-sharing ability, thus increasing the probability of individual self-employment. Household real estate helps enhance an individual’s social capital, thereby promoting self-employment. However, household real estate also promotes other personal investment, such as stocks, funds, and other assets, forming a crowd-out effect on self-employment.Xiong, A., et al. (2017). "Social networks, job satisfaction and job searching behavior in the Chinese labor market." China Economic Review 43: 1-15.This study first investigates determinants of job searching strategies and then examines if social networks are connected with better job outcomes. Unlike previous studies that focus solely on income, this paper pays more heed to job satisfaction. Based on data drawn from China General Social Survey, we find that disadvantaged job seekers rely primarily on informal channels; whereas experienced and better-educated job seekers tend to search for jobs through formal channels. However, those reaping the largest benefit from using networks are the job seekers who are able to use formal and informal channels jointly. By disaggregating the whole sample, we further find that the promoting effect of network use is contingent on factors such as gender and types of jobs. Network use brings about larger benefits to female and job seekers target to prestigious occupations. Finally, it appears that whether a job seeker can receive influential help depends primarily on the social status of the contacts rather than their tie strength. The results of our paper thus urge us to examine the combination of different searching strategies rather than studying them separately.Yang, X., et al. (2020). "Upward mobility and the demand for children: Evidence from China." China Economic Review 60: 101393.This paper aims to investigate a new determinant of the demand for children: upward mobility. Upward mobility can affect the demand for children in two opposite directions: upward mobility means more resources to spend on childbearing and increases the demand for children; it also lowers the need to rely on children for old-age support and this leads to lower demand for children. In this paper, we use the difference between the subject's self-evaluations of the future and current social class as the measure of upward mobility, and fertility desire to represent the demand for children. Using the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data, we find that upward mobility significantly increases the demand for children, and the results are robust across various model specifications (pooled data regression, Poisson regression, and IV regression). The effect is concentrated among affluent and/or urban households, suggesting that those from more advantaged social-economic backgrounds appear to have a higher elasticity of fertility in response to upward mobility. Our results imply that improving upward mobility and public services such as education, health care, and social security would be effective to boost fertility in China.Zhang, C., et al. (2014). "Are poverty rates underestimated in China? New evidence from four recent surveys." China Economic Review 31: 410-425.Knowledge of poverty prevalence is essential for any society concerned with improving public welfare and reducing poverty. In this paper, we estimate and compare poverty incidence rates in China using four nationally representative surveys: the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of 2010, the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2010, the China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) of 2011, and the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP) of 2007. Using both international and official domestic poverty standards, we show that poverty rates at the national, rural, and urban levels based on the CFPS, CGSS, and the CHFS are all much higher than the official estimates and those based on the CHIP. This study highlights the importance of using independent datasets to verify official statistics of public and policy concern in contemporary China.Zhao, Y., et al. (2017). "Inter- and intra-generational social mobility effects on subjective well-being – Evidence from mainland China." Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 48: 54-66.This paper contributes to the literature on well-being research by showing the distinct impacts of inter- and intra-generational social mobility on subjective well-being in mainland China. Based on the China General Social Surveys of 2006, we used diagonal reference modelling and other regression methods to assess the effects of social mobility on well-being. We found that well-being was associated with changes in class positions. In both inter- and intra-generational mobility trajectories, moving upward into a higher position was beneficial for people's well-being whereas different consequences were found for downward mobility: in the case of intergenerational mobility, downward mobility into the manual class did not have a marked effect on people's well-being as the downwardly mobile from privileged backgrounds held the prospect of counter-mobility at early career stages and inherited valuable resources; but downward mobility in one's own career life was rather detrimental to subjective well-being, as the downwardly mobile had to bear not only the material disadvantages found in the lower position, but also the psychological effects ensuing from the downward trajectory. We conclude that while those experiencing downward intergenerational mobility may resort to family advantages to help maintain their well-being levels, a similar trajectory in one's own career life may have a direct negative consequence.[ Source]：http://cgss.ruc.edu.cn/index.php?r=index/introduce
中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, CLHLS)
中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查（原名中国老人健康长寿影响因素跟踪调查），是由北京大学健康老龄与发展研究中心/国家发展研究院组织的老年人追踪调查，调查范围覆盖全国23个省区市，调查对象为65岁及以上老年人和35-64岁成年子女，调查问卷分为存活被访者问卷和死亡老人家属问卷两种。
存活被访者问卷的调查内容包括老人及家庭基本状况、社会经济背景及家庭结构、经济来源和经济状况、健康和生活质量自评、认知功能、性格心理特征、日常活动能力、生活方 式、生活照料、疾病治疗和医疗费承担；死亡老人家属问卷的调查内容包括死亡时间、死因等内容。
该调查项目在1998年进行基线调查,此后分别于2000 年、2002年、2005年、2008-2009年和2011-2012年进行了跟踪调查，最近的一次跟踪调查(2011-2012年)共访问9,765 名65+岁老年人,收集了2008-2012年期间死亡的5642位老年人的信息。第七次跟踪调查在2014年进行，数据尚在整理中。
CLHLS免费向学者们提供数据，截止2014年12月底，已有1,696名研究者（不包括他们的学生及其研究小组成员）正式注册为CLHLS数据使用者。截止2015年4月为止，据不完全统计，CLHLS数据使用者们已经发表或出版了：-- 10本著作(其中中文著作5本，中英文2本，英文3本)；-- 146篇刊登在同行匿名审稿的美国或欧洲期刊英文SSCI或SCI论文 -- 312篇刊登在中国同行匿名审稿期刊中文论文；-- 已经通过答辩的24篇博士毕业论文和38篇硕士毕业论文（其中国内高校研究生毕业论文合计47，国外高校研究生毕业论文15篇）,以及5篇本科毕业论文。超过25篇以CLHLS为基础数据的政策咨询报告被递交给各相关政府机构。
“中国老龄健康影响因素跟踪调查”（1998-2014）是国内全国范围最早、坚持时间最长的社会科学调查;其主要资助机构国家自然科学基金曾在公开发行的基金委年度报告《成果巡礼》专栏中以一页篇幅重点宣传表彰本项调查研究。
Gu, D., et al. (2007). "Characteristics of the institutionalized and community-residing oldest-old in China." Social Science & Medicine 64(4): 871-883.Existing research on the institutionalized population of older adults is primarily limited to Western countries. This study is the first to use nationally representative data to examine differences in the institutionalized and community-residing population of the oldest-old (ages 80+) in China. Using three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) (1998, 2000, and 2002), we examine differences in sociodemographic characteristics, family caregiving resources, health practices, religious activity, chronic conditions, and mortality risk. The results indicate that the institutionalized oldest-old are younger, male, reside in urban areas, have lower family-care resources, and exhibit poorer health compared to those living in the community. We also find that the 2-year mortality risk for institutionalized elders is 1.35 times greater than for those residing in the community. However, the mortality differential is eliminated once the sociodemographic, family caregiving, and health characteristics of the oldest-old are taken into account. The implications of these findings are discussed.Gu, D., et al. (2011). "Health inputs and cumulative health deficits among the older Chinese." Social Science & Medicine 72(5): 806-814.Using a health economics framework, we examined how both individual level investments at different life stages and current community-level environmental factors affect individual health stock and flows at old ages. We used a nationwide dataset from the 2002 and 2005 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, which included more than 15,000 adults aged 65 and older from 22 provinces in mainland China. We measured health stock with a cumulative health deficit index, a measure developed in geriatrics and gerontology that reflects deficits, illnesses, and functional impairment in numerous domains of health. The cumulative health deficit index has not been used in health economics before, but is a significant contribution because it captures the health stock concept very well and overcomes the problems of inconsistency resulting from the use of different measures of health stock in research. Our results show that several proxy measures for individual health investments in both childhood (nutritional status and parental survival status) and adulthood (family financial condition and access to healthcare) yielded positive returns to health stock measured by the cumulative health deficit index. Investments in social connections and healthy behaviors (religious involvement, alcohol use, and exercise) also produced positive returns in health stock. Current community-level factors such as air quality and labor force participation rate were significantly associated with levels of health deficits in old age as well. Yet, most of these individual investment and community environment variables did not significantly affect short-term health flows (improvement or deterioration in health status over three years). Our findings have important implications for developing preventive health programs in the context of population aging by focusing on policy-relevant predictors and a comprehensive indicator of health status in later life.Gu, D., et al. (2009). "Access to healthcare services makes a difference in healthy longevity among older Chinese adults." Social Science & Medicine 68(2): 210-219.The positive impact of access to healthcare on health and survival among older adults is well-documented in Western societies. However, whether the pattern still holds in developing countries where healthcare coverage is more limited is largely unknown. China, a developing country with the largest population in the world, has been transforming its antiquated healthcare system during the past few decades in response to rapid population aging. Yet, in recent years the lack of access to healthcare has been identified as the top concern by most citizens in China. We used the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey and the community-level data sources from the National Bureau of Statistics of China to examine the impact of current as well as childhood access to healthcare services on subsequent three-year survival and healthy survival at old ages from 2002 to 2005 under a multilevel context. Healthy survival was measured by a cumulative deficit index calculated from thirty-nine variables pertaining to various dimensions of health. Our analyses showed that access to healthcare at present and during childhood improved the odds of subsequent three-year survivorship by 13–19% and 10%, respectively, controlling for various confounders. But the effect of access to healthcare at present was no longer statistically significant once baseline health status in 2002 was controlled for. Access to healthcare at present increased odds of healthy survival by 22–68%, while access to healthcare in childhood increased odds of healthy survival by 18%. All patterns held true for both men and women, for urban and rural areas, across ages, as well as across socioeconomic statuses. Our findings suggested that positive inputs such as access to healthcare services over the life course make a substantial difference in healthy longevity, which has implications for the establishment of the universal healthcare system.Lai, W. (2017). "Pesticide use and health outcomes: Evidence from agricultural water pollution in China." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 86: 93-120.By linking provincial pesticide usage reports from several Chinese statistical yearbooks (1998-2011) with the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (1998-2011), this study provides new evidence that pesticides adversely affect health outcomes via drinking water exposure. We follow a difference-in-difference-in-differences framework to compare health outcomes between people who drink surface water and ground water in regions with different intensities of rice pesticide use before and after 2004, when China shifted from taxing agriculture to subsidizing agricultural programs. The results indicate that a 10% increase in rice pesticide use unfavorably alters a key medical disability index (Activities of Daily Living or ADL) by 1% for rural residents 65 and older. This is equivalent to 2.13 and 0.64 million dollars in medical and family care costs, respectively. Further, we provide suggestive evidence of an intergenerational transfer of caring burden by showing pesticide use reduces out-migration of the offspring in affected households. The results are robust to a variety of robustness checks and falsification tests.Li, L. W., et al. (2009). "Health among the oldest-old in China: Which living arrangements make a difference?" Social Science & Medicine 68(2): 220-227.This study aims to (1) examine the association of living arrangements and health among oldest-old Chinese, and (2) investigate gender differences in the association of living arrangements and health. Data were from the first two waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, which included 9093 Chinese averaging 92 years old. Living arrangements had six mutually exclusive categories: living alone, with spouse, with children, with spouse and children, with others and in institutions. Using multinomial logistic regression, we found that baseline living arrangements are significantly associated with mortality, activities of daily living (ADL) disability, and self-rated health at Wave 2, controlling for baseline health, sociodemographic characteristics and availability of children. Further, the linkages between living arrangements and mortality vary by gender. Among the different living arrangements, having a spouse in the household (either with a spouse only or with both a spouse and children) provides the best health protection. Living alone and living with children are associated with both health advantages and disadvantages. Institutional living lowers mortality risk for men but not women. Living with others provides the least health benefits. Our study has extended the research on living arrangements and health to a unique population—the oldest-old in China—and clarified the health advantages and disadvantages of different living arrangements. Future research should examine the mechanisms linking living arrangements and health, and the experience of institutional living for men and women in China.Li, T., et al. (2018). "Culture, economic development, social-network type, and mortality: Evidence from Chinese older adults." Social Science & Medicine 204: 23-30.This study examined the patterns of social-network types and their relative survival benefits among Chinese older adults. We examined how macro-level social factors such as cultural norms and unbalanced regional economic development shaped older people's network behaviors, and whether these factors could moderate the association between network types and mortality. Using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (2008–2014), we identified four network types—diverse, friend-focused, family-focused, and restricted—based on individuals' social network measures. Multinomial logistic analyses revealed that older people situated in an area with a deeply rooted family culture or a more advanced economy tend to be less likely to enroll in a diverse network than a family-focused one. This prevents them from achieving the best adaptive survival, as Cox regression analyses showed that the family-focused network type was less beneficial than the diverse one for the survival of older adults. Furthermore, while the survival advantage of the diverse-network type over the family-focused type did not change with cultural contexts, economic development attenuated the deleterious effects of the friend-focused network type.Luo, Y., et al. (2015). "Education and mortality among older adults in China." Social Science & Medicine 127: 134-142.This study examines the relationship between education and mortality, its underlying mechanisms, and its gender and age variations among older adults in China, using data from the 2002 to 2011 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. There is an inverse relationship between education and mortality risk. The relationship is explained in full by each of the three mechanisms: other socioeconomic attainments, social relationships and activities, and health status, and partially by physical exercise. In addition, primary education has a stronger effect on mortality for men than for women and the effect of education is stronger for the young old than for the oldest old. These findings underscore the importance of national and subpopulation contexts in understanding the relationship between education and mortality.Peng, R., et al. (2010). "Self-rated health status transition and long-term care need, of the oldest Chinese." Health Policy 97(2): 259-266.Objectives The objectives of this paper are: (1) to estimate the transition probabilities among self-rated health status for the oldest Chinese aged 80 and above; (2) to project the future need of long-term care due to changes in demography and health status among the oldest Chinese. Methods Self-rated health data collected in Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey conducted in 1998, 2000 and 2002 were used to estimate the self-rated health status transition probabilities, and to project future long-term care need by calculating the number of unhealthy person-years. Results The majority of the oldest Chinese's health status remains unchanged or worsens within 2 years. The number of unhealthy person-years rises regardless of gender, and the absolute number and increase rate of females are higher than those of males. Under the assumption that average care expenditure is 15 US dollars per hour in 2010, the long-term care expenditure will increase from 8352 million dollars in 2010 to 42,530 million dollars in 2050, a growth of more than 400% over the next 40 years. Conclusions Long-term care need for the oldest Chinese will rise rapidly in the next decades, which should stimulate increased governmental and public awareness of their need.Shen, K. and Y. Zeng (2014). "Direct and indirect effects of childhood conditions on survival and health among male and female elderly in China." Social Science & Medicine 119: 207-214.This paper investigates whether childhood conditions affect survival and health, both directly and indirectly through the mediating variable of adulthood socioeconomic status, among Chinese elderly. Using data from the 2008–2009 and 2011–2012 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey, we apply structural equation models to estimate these effects. We find that favorable childhood conditions exert a negative direct impact on survival probability at senior ages, possibly resulting from mortality selection. Our results also support the pathways model, which indicates that advantageous childhood conditions improve socioeconomic status in adulthood and thus indirectly promote longevity and health at advanced ages. Combining the direct and indirect effects, the total effects of childhood advantages on survival and health are positive. We further demonstrate that direct and indirect effects of childhood conditions are stronger for women than they are for men. Our findings suggest that public policies that target childhood wellbeing may have far-reaching protective impacts on health among seniors.Yan, B., et al. (2020). "Health inequality among Chinese older adults: The role of childhood circumstances." The Journal of the Economics of Ageing 17: 100237.This paper examines the extent to which childhood circumstances contribute to health inequality in old age and how the contributions may vary across key dimensions of health. We link the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013 and 2015 with its Life History Survey in 2014 to quantify health inequality due to childhood circumstances for which they have little control. We evaluate comprehensive dimensions of health ranging from cognitive health, mental health, physical health, self-rated health to mortality. Our analytic sample includes about 8000 Chinese persons age above 60. Using the Shapley value decomposition approach, we first show that childhood circumstances may explain 1–23 percent of health inequality in old age across multiple health outcomes. Second, while both direct health-related circumstances and indirect health-related circumstances contribute significantly to health inequality, the latter tends to be more sizable. Our findings support the value of a life course approach in identifying the key determinants of health in old age.Zang, E. (2020). "Spillover effects of a husband's retirement on a woman's health: Evidence from urban China." Social Science & Medicine 245: 112684.Despite an increasing number of studies measuring the effect of retirement on individual well-being, research on spillover effects of one spouse's retirement on another spouse's well-being is limited. If such an effect exists but is not considered, it would result in an underestimation of the total retirement effect. This article examines the effect a man's retirement has on his wife's mental and physical health. Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS), I exploit the large increase in the probability of retirement at the legal retirement age for urban male wage earners in China as a natural experiment. I implement a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to compare the health outcomes of women whose husbands recently retired with those whose husbands are close to retiring. Findings indicate that the retirement of her spouse improves a woman's physical and mental well-being, most likely by increasing the frequency of her social interactions and exercise.Zhang, Z., et al. (2010). "Childhood nutritional deprivation and cognitive impairment among older Chinese people." Social Science & Medicine 71(5): 941-949.Late-life cognitive impairment may have its origins in childhood. Here, we examine the associations between markers of childhood nutritional deprivation and cognitive impairment in older adults. We made use of the 2002 and 2005 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey to examine these associations for persons aged 65–105 (N = 15,444). Anthropometric measures (arm length, knee height) and self-reported hunger were used to measure early-life nutritional deficiencies. Cognitive impairment was measured using the Chinese version of the Mini Mental State Examination. Results from multivariate logistic regression models show that both anthropometric measures and self-report markers of early-life nutritional status were significantly associated with the odds of cognitive impairment at baseline for both men and women after controlling for age and ethnicity. Adjustments for childhood and adulthood socioeconomic status, adulthood health, and lifestyle habits had little effect on these associations except for the effect of hunger among men. Results from multinomial logistic regression models show that during the three-year follow-up period, arm length was significantly associated with the onset of cognitive impairment after controlling for various confounders in men, but not in women. Our findings suggest that early-life nutritional deprivation may contribute to cognitive impairment among older Chinese adults.[ Source ]：https://opendata.pku.edu.cn/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=doi:10.18170/DVN/XRV2WN
中国社会状况综合调查”（Chinese Social Survey，简称CSS）
“中国社会状况综合调查”（Chinese Social Survey，简称CSS）是中国社会科学院社会学研究所于2005年发起的一项全国范围内的大型连续性抽样调查项目，目的是通过对全国公众的劳动就业、家庭及社会生活、社会态度等方面的长期纵贯调查，来获取转型时期中国社会变迁的数据资料，从而为社会科学研究和政府决策提供翔实而科学的基础信息。
该调查是双年度的纵贯调查，采用概率抽样的入户访问方式，调查区域覆盖了全国31个省/自治区/直辖市，包括了151个区市县，604个村/居委会，每次调查访问7000到10000余个家庭。此调查有助于获取转型时期中国社会变迁的数据资料，其研究结果可推论全国年满18－69周岁的住户人口。
为了兼顾纵贯调查的连续性和社会议题的现实性， CSS的调查问卷在设计上分为基础模块、更替模块和热点模块三个部分。其中基础模块固定不变，包含了个人基础信息、劳动与就业、家庭结构、家庭经济状况等内容；更替模块如社会阶层地位流动、社会保障、休闲消费、社会价值观等，隔一定周期后重复调查；热点模块则与时俱进，目前已进行了社会群体利益关系、民生问题、城镇化等主题的研究。
为了获得高质量的调查数据，CSS调查从多个层面保障调查的科学严谨。在抽样环节，CSS调查利用第5次人口普查和第6次人口普查分区县市资料设计抽样框;在调查点采用地图地址抽样方式以涵盖更多的流动人口。在执行管理环节，CSS调查依托全国各地高校和科研机构，建立了地方调查团队；开设了为期3-5天的督导、访问员培训课程和多样的访问模拟训练；制定了“现场小组工作方法”；设计了调查管理的系列流程；并配有高效的后勤支持。在质量监控环节，各调查点、省级、全国不同层面都会进行一定比例的问卷复核以确保问卷质量，全部问卷进行双次录入。此外，项目组会会对数据信息做匿名化处理，以确保任何受访者都不会因为参与调查而受到任何负面影响。
[ Source]：http://css.cssn.cn/zgshzkzhdc/xmjs/拓展性阅读
之前，咱们圈子引荐过一些数据库(当然，社群里的数据库远不止这些)，如下：1.这40个微观数据库够你博士毕业了；2.中国工业企业数据库匹配160大步骤的完整程序和相应数据；3.中国省/地级市夜间灯光数据；4.1997-2014中国市场化指数权威版本；5.1998-2016年中国地级市年均PM2.5；6.计量经济圈经济社会等数据库合集；7.中国方言,官员, 行政审批和省长数据库开放；8.2005-2015中国分省分行业CO2数据；9.国际贸易研究中的数据演进与当代问题；10.经济学研究常用中国微观数据手册。
下面这些短链接文章属于合集，可以收藏起来阅读，不然以后都找不到了。